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intelligence an overall capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment. operational definition the actions or procedures used to measure a concept. aptitude a capacity for learning certain abilities. general intelligence test a test that measures a wide variety of mental abilities. reliability the ability of a test to yield the same score, or nearly the same score, each time it is given to the same person. validity the ability of a test to measure what it purports to test. objective test a test that gives the same score when different people correct it. test standardization establishing standards for administering a test and interpreting scores. norm an average score for a designated group of people. intelligence quotient (IQ) an index of intelligence defined as mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100. performance intelligence intelligence measured by solving puzzles and other nonverbal tasks. verbal intelligence intelligence measured by answering questions involving vocabulary, arithmetic, and other language- or symbol-oriented tasks. normal curve a bell-shaped curve characterized by a large number of scores in a middle area, tapering to very few extremely high and low scores. giftedness either the possession of a high IQ or special talents or aptitudes. mental retardation the presence of a developmental disability, an IQ score below 70, or a significant impairment of adaptive behavior. phenylketonuria a genetic disease that allows phenylpyruvic avid to accumulate in the body...low levels of dopamine. microcephaly a disorder in which the head and brain are abnormally small. hydrocephaly a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid within brain cavities. cretinism stunted growth and mental retardation caused by an insufficient supply of thyroid hormone. Down Syndrome a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome; results in mental retardation. fragile-X syndrome a genetic form of mental retardation caused by a defect in the X chromosome. speed of processing the speed with which a person can mentally process information multiple intelligences Howard Gardner's theory that there are several specialized types of intellectual ability. triarchic theory Robert Sternberg's theory that there are 3 types of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical. g factor generalized intelligence... some have it, some don't, some have more than others. culture-fair test a test designed to minimize the importance of skills and knowledge that may be more common in some cultures than others.