Unit 11
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Psychological disorder | behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable |
| Mental model | concept that mental illnesses can be diagnosed and cured through therapy |
| Bio-psycho-social perspective | a contemporary perspective which assumes that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders |
| DSM-IV | the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders |
| Neurotic disorder | a psychological disorder that is usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially. |
| Psychotic disorder | A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions |
| Anxiety disorder | Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. |
| Panic disorder | an anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable panic attacks |
| Phobia | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions). |
| Mood disorders | psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes |
| Major depressive disorder | a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes interest or pleasure in most activities |
| Manic episode | a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. |
| Bipolar disorder | a mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression |
| Dissociative disorders | disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings |
| Dissociative identity disorder | a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder. |
| Schizophrenia | a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions |
| delusions | false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders |
| Personality disorders | psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
| Antisocial personality disorder | a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist |
| Personality disorders | psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | the development of characteristic symptoms after a major traumatic event |
| Agoraphobia | fear of open spaces |
| Hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
| Mania | a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state |
| Dissociative amnesia | sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting |
| Dissociative fugue | loss of memory for their entire lives along with the loss of personal identity |
| Conversion disorder | a mental disorder characterized by the conversion of mental conflict into somatic forms (into paralysis or anesthesia having no apparent cause) |
| Somatoform disorders | disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists |
| Specific phobia | fear of objects or specific situations or events |
| Hypochondriasis | chronic and abnormal anxiety about imaginary symptoms and ailments |
| Psychotherapy | the treatment of mental or emotional problems by psychological means |
| Eclectic approach | an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
| Psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality |
| Resistance | in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
| Interpretation | the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight |
| Transference | the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships |
| Client-centered therapy | A humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs |
| Active listening | Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. |
| Behavior therapy | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
| Counter conditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning |
| Exposure therapies | behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid |
| Systematic desensitization | a type of counter conditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli |
| Aversive conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
| Token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. |
| Cognitive therapy | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
| Regression toward the mean | The tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average. |
| Meta-analysis | A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |
| Psychopharmacology | the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
| Lithium | a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar disorders |
| Electroconvulsive therapy | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient |
| Psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior |
| Lobotomy | a procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. it cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers |
| Free association | a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. |
| Antipsychotic drugs | Medications that are used to treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders |
| Rational emotive behavior therapy | treatment where illogical self defeating thoughts are identified and the client is helped to replace them with more realistic and beneficial ones |
| Unconditioned positive regard | according to Carl Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
| Family therapy | therapy that treats the family as a system |
| Group therapy | psychotherapy in which a small group of individuals meet with a therapist |
| Antidepressant drugs | Medications that gradually elevate mood and help bring people out of a depression. |
| Albert Ellis | pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions |
| Mary Cover Jones | behaviorism/learning; pioneer in systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned |
| Carl Rogers | United States psychologist who developed client-centered therapy |
| Joseph Wolpe | described use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias |
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