PSCI 1400 Vocab Chapter 4 and 5
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20 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Bill of Attainder | (Article 1, Section 9) A law that declares a person guilty of a crime without trial. |
| Civil Liberties | Areas of personal freedom with which governments are constrained from interfering. |
| Double Jeopardy | The Fifth Amendment right providing a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime. |
| Due Process of Law | The right of every citizen against arbitrary action by national or state governments. |
| Eminent Domain | The right of government to take private property for public use. |
| ex post facto law | (Article 1, Section 9) A law that declares an action to be illegal after it has been committed. |
| Exclusionary Rule | The ability of courts to exclude evidence obtained in violation of the 4th Amendment. |
| Fighting Words | Speech that directly incites damaging conduct. |
| Free Exercise Clause | The first amendment clause that protects a citizen's right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses. |
| habeas corpus | A court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention. |
| Libel | A written statement made in "reckless disregard of the truth" that is considered damaging to a victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory." |
| Right to Privacy | The right to be left alone, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to entail free access to birth control and abortions. |
| Slander | An oral statement, made in "reckless disregard of the truth," which is considered damaging to the victim because it is "malicious, scandalous, and defamatory." |
| defacto | Literally, "by fact"; practices that occur even when there is no legal enforcement, such as school segregation in much of the United States today. |
| de jure | Literally, "by law"; legally enforced practices, such as school segregation in the South before the 1960s. |
| Discrimination | Use of any unreasonable and unjust criterion of exclusion. |
| Gerrymandering | Apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party. |
| "Jim Crow" Laws | Laws enacted by southern states following Reconstruction that discriminated against African Americans |
| Redlining | A practice in which banks refuse to make loans to people living in certain geographic locations. |
| Strict Scrutiny | Test used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases and other cases involving civil liberties and civil rights, which places the burden of proof on the government rather than on the challengers to show that the law in question is constitutional. |
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