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157 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 China, Manchu, Qing Dynasty | A dynasty created by the Manchus, or the people that invaded China. |
| opium, Opium War | an addictive seed used to balence trade between Europe and China, 1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanking, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong. |
| Hong Kong | The British turned Hong Kong during Opium warns into a great city that prospered. |
| Muhammad Ali | Established strong independent Egyptian state ruled by his family. Built strong army, government reformed, improved agriculture and communication |
| Ishmail | Grandson of Muhammed Ali of Egypt, he was head of Egyptian state and continued to modernize it by completing the Suez Canal, although sending the country into debt. |
| Scramble for Africa | period between 1875 to 1912 in which European nations aimed to control as much of Africa as possible |
| Boers, Afrikaners | Boers are Afrikaners, descended from white South Africans. Settled in Cape Province, many farmers, headed East when English took over |
| Great Trek | migration into the south African interior of thousands of afrikaners seeking to escape British control |
| Cape Colony | South Africa: originally founded by the Dutch colonists called the Boers but it was taken over by the British in 1815 because it was a stop over on the way to India |
| Angola, Mozambique | Nationalist groups in Angola and Mozambique fought guerrilla wars against Portugal in order to win independence. |
| Rhodes, Rhodesia | British Prime Minister of Cape Colony, made a fortune dealing with diamonds, scholarship exists in his name...dream of a chain of colonies from "Cape to Cairo" |
| Leopold, Belgium | 1879; Sent Stanley to explore the Congo, ignited a 'scramble for Africa,' when claimed Congo in central Africa |
| Congo | taken over by Belgians, exploited for copper, rubber, and ivory |
| Effective occupation | effective requirements established at the Berlin Conference. Before claiming territory, you had to occupy the land. |
| Berlin Conference | A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa |
| Sudan | was attempted to be conquered by Omdurman, where British under Kitchener massacred Muslim tribesmen. |
| Omdurman | where the English and Ahmad Muhammad's army of Sudanese Muslims met to fight a second time, English won |
| France, Britain | Were in a race against each other to conquer colonies. |
| Indochina | French took this land while the Dutch took control of the East Indies. |
| White Man's Burden | A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on American imperialism. It created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions the U.S. took. |
| India | The "Jewel" of British Empire, administered by a white elite and brought economic development, unity and peace to India. |
| Great Rebellion | an insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army spread throughout northern and central India before it was finally crushed. |
| Shogun, Samurai | make up of japaneese confucian society |
| Boxer Rebellion | A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese people who wanted to throw the foreigners out |
| Prosperity Gap | The richest or even average standard of living in Europe was 25 times the wealth of an average person in the Third World countries (Africa, etc..) |
| Global Trade | 25 times what it had been in 1800 and interlocked economy centered in and directed by Europe. Britain used this to link the world as a market for manufactured goods. |
| Gold Standard | a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of gold |
| Business Cycle | a pattern of economic fluctuations that has four stages: prosperity, recession, depression, and recovery |
| Cartels | a combination of independent commercial enterprises; worked together to control prices and limit competition; especially strong in Germany |
| Canals | Panama and Suez canals were modern technological innovations that revolutionized and fostered intercontinental trade. |
| Internal Combustion | Another industrial revolution advancement, Heat engines that burn fuel inside the engineWave a periodic disturbance in a solid, liquid, or gas as energy is transmitted through a medium |
| Electricity | A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. |
| Telephone | A second phase technology, an instrument for producing sounds at a distance- or the action of using such an instrument |
| Telegraph | a technical breakthrough in the mid 19th century by Samuel Morse in the US but used in England as well |
| Steel | A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. |
| Protective Tarriffs, Social Insurance, Welfare | The economy was based on expansion and credit, to insure against insecurities the government used protective tariffs, insurance, and welfare to an increasing degree. |
| Export Capital | worker's wages were rising, wealth was available for developing mations from Britain. The capital went to build infrastructure. |
| Population | Doubled by 50% which led to the Great Migration. |
| Emigration | Many emigrated to the United states, Brazil, Argentina and France from Britain, Germany, and Italy because of increase population, religious freedom, and better opportunities. |
| Norway, Sweden | The first countries to grant women the right to vote |
| women's voting rights | After years of suicides, terrorist attacks, protests, women are given the right to vote in 1919 (mostly as a political move) in Britain. |
| National Assembly | a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people |
| Thiers | given executive power by the National assembly but was removed from office because of his repubican learnings |
| Third Republic | the new government, a republic, called the third republic, which was voted on by the national assembly in france |
| Monarchists, MacMahon | conservative president of France in the late 19th century elected when monarchists held a majority in the National Assembly; was repressive and tried to put down republicans |
| Ferry, Education, Empire | Frenchman who was part of the third republic who legalized trade unions, created state schools, and built a colonial empire. |
| Anticlericalists | The belief that there should be no link between church and state. |
| Dreyfus, Zola | a contraversy in which a jewish man was falsely accused and sentenced to prision for spying. It showed the strength of anti-semitism in europe//This man published "J'accuse," saying that Dreyfus was denied due process. |
| Disraeli | british conservative leader of the House of Commons who expanded the electorate, oversaw health and well being, and protected trade unions |
| Gladstone | Liberal - domestic reforms, national court, secret ballot, education. |
| Reform Bills 1832, 1867, 1884, 1911, 1913 | see notes |
| Labour Party | british political party founded in 1900 with the help of trade unions to represent the interests of the urban working class |
| Fabians | Members of a late nineteenth-century socialist movement in Britain who advocated gradual reform rather than revolutions and supported the Labour party. |
| Taff vale | a court decision for trade unions |
| suffragists | Those (mostly female) who were active in seeking voting rights for women as an inherent right for all individuals in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. |
| Ireland | suffered alot, overpopulated, poor, potato famil, territory under British control that wanted independence or at least self government, religious conflict (catholic vs. protestant) and nationalism with great britain/uk |
| Parrell | Irish nationalist |
| Home Rule | The ability to run state governments without federal intervention. |
| Ulster | Province in the north of Ireland. Although Ireland is Catholic, Ulster has a protestant majority that opposed Home Rule. Ulsterites had no desire to become a protestant minority in a catholic majority country. |
| D. Lloyd George | Head of liberal party who ushered in social welfare legislation. |
| income and inheritance tax | a tax on income and inheritance of the wealthy? |
| People's Budget | Bill designed to increase spending on social welfare services in England, but vetoed by the House of Lords. Passed when the Lords were overthrown. |
| Witte | Prime Minister for Alexander III who realized that Russia had to modernize/industrialize. He built railroads all throughout Russia rapidly, and promoted self-dependency by issuing high tarrifs. |
| Trans-Siberian Railroad | railroad that runs from Moscow to Vladivosto on the East coast and is the longest single rail line in the world |
| Nihilist | one who rejects all religious, moral, and traditional values, practices, and institutions |
| Herzen, SRS | Socialist revolutionaries, peasant socialism - Left SRs (who eventually merged with the Bolsheviks) played important role in feb. rev. |
| Bakunin, Nechaiev | Russian Anarchist who wanted to use a group of Radical Revolutionaries to to step up in revolution to overtake the government |
| People's Will | Russian terrorist organization that assassinated Alexander II |
| Alexander II, III | Not liberal, divided Russia when trying to westernize by reforming serfdom, courts, zemstvos, and education. He was assassinated. Alex III became repressive and did not try to continue reforms of Alex II. |
| Nicolas II | Russian Czar who wanted to maintain autocracy, yet was held back by worship of his father's legacy. However, Russian culture expanded despite his efforts to stop it. |
| Alexandra | Last Czarina of Russia. Wife of Nicholas II. With Czar at the battlefield she interfiered with politics on advice from Rasputin who claimed to be a holy man. She and her family was executed. |
| Russo-Japan War | A war fought between Russia and Japan over control of Korea and Manchuria. The Russians were still looking for a warm water port, but the Japanese who were seeking to exclusively control these ports humiliated Russia with a long string of defeats |
| 1905 Revolution | failed revolution caused by the loss of the Ruso-Japanese War, extreme poverty, growth of opposition, and lack of reforms form Nicholas II |
| October Manifesto | (1905), issued by Nich. II, attempted to quiet strikes, local revolts, promised freedom of speech and assembly, called the Duma into session |
| Duma | national representative assembly; created by the October Manifesto; had little real power. Met for the first time in April 1906. |
| Stolypin | conservative Russian finance minister who had little respect for parliamentary government and helped Nicholas II recapture power |
| "wager on strong" | Stolypin's phrase that it was a "wager on the strong" has often been maliciously misrepresented. Stolypin tried to give as many peasants as possible a chance to raise themselves out of poverty. |
| Social Revolutionaries (SR) | The Social Revolutionaries were a group of people who directly opposed the Russian Duma and performed acts of terrorism, both political and agrarian, in order to get their points across. |
| SDLP | --- |
| Menshevicks | the minority group who desired a larger open party with democratic decision making and bridging over all but the most fundamental agreement. They cooperated with liberals. |
| Bolshevicks | majority faction of the russian social democratic party. renamed the communist party bc they got power in the revolution of 1917 |
| Lenin | Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924) |
| Bismarck, William I | Bismark was a national liberal |
| Reichstag | the popularly elected lower house of government of the new German empire after 1871 |
| National Liberals | rallied behind Bismarck; supported legislation useful for further economic and legal unification of country |
| Kulturkampf | Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to expel Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies. |
| Syllabus of errors | docuent issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864 condemning many modern beliefs, including rationalism, socialism, communism, and liberalism |
| Papal Infallibility | this doctrine means the Pope will not commit an error when speaking for the whole church |
| Center Party | catholic political party in germany, organized in 1870, approved Bismark's policy of centralization and promoted the political concept of Particularism which advocated regional priorities |
| Anti socialist laws | Bismarck sponsored these laws through the Reichstag to head off support for an emerging workers' movement. |
| social democratic party | German Party in late 1870s that were committed to a Marxist critique of capitalism and cooperation with other socialist parties internationally. Bismark saw them as threat to stability of Germany and outlawed the party, although candidates stood for election. Socialist strength steadily grew. |
| William II | This new German emperor opposed Bismarck, fired him, and ended up being less successful than Bismarck anyway. |
| new course | was a Soviet economic policy that aimed to improve consumer goods, the end of terror, and a relaxation of ideological standards. |
| Habsburgs | The ruling family of Austria-Hungary. |
| Dual Monarchy | The Austro-Hungarian Empire; the Habsburg monarchy after the 1867 reform that granted Hungary equality with Austria |
| Austria-hungary | The empire where the most violent nationalist tension occurred. The empire was divided but shared common emperor and central ministries for finance, defense and foreign affairs. |
| Germans | Made up 1/3 of the AutroHungarian empire, also became its on empire after the FrancoPrussian war. They were very successful with nationalism. |
| Magyars | The main ethnic group of Hungary that used nationalism and the constiution to dominate peasants and ethnic minorities. |
| Slavs: Czechs, Slovacks, Croats | The main 2/3 minority population in Austria that were effected by the issue of nationalism. |
| Barbarians | The term used for a person belonging to a tribe or group that is considered uncivilized |
| Transformismo | Political system in Italy that allied conservatives and liberals in support of the status quo. |
| Giolitti | Prime Minister of Italy - calms riots/strikes with 'trasformismo' - appeases urban workers who demand change w/ social welfare programs, and (1912) virtually universal male suffrage |
| d' Annunzio | Italian nationalist writer who felt Italy had not been treated well at Versailles; he showed the impact of a non-government military force |
| futurism | an artistic movement in Italy around 1910 that tried to express the energy and values of the machine age |
| socialism | a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. |
| First and Second International | International socialist organization that had a psychological impact from 1871-1914. |
| May Day | a day that celebrated workers, and said they should go on strike. the only thing that could be agreed upon at the 2nd International |
| Modernists | This group of people supported Darwinism and they refused to accept the bible as history or science. |
| Fundamentalists | People who rejected the scientific consensus and spawned a muscular view of biblical authority. |
| agnostics | those who suspend judgement on the question of whether god exists. It cannot be scientifically explained. |
| atheists | People who belive that no god exists |
| Catholics, Protestants | Were challenged because of the intellectual and science progress. They were split into sub-sections of those who fully believed the church, and those who accepted science. |
| Reform, Orthodox Jews | Reform Jews maintained traditional Orthodox Jewish traditional beliefs and practices such as sabbath, etc in a less severe way. Reform Jews had more opportunities and could "mingle" |
| Social Gospel | the idea that churches should address social issues, predicting that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity |
| Darwin, Mendel | first to be important in terms of DNA, hereditary physically passed and results in change |
| Social Darwinism, Spencer | Spencer took Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection and applied it to human society. He argued that human society evolved through competition and natural selection and that society progressed and became better because only the fittest people survived |
| Anthropology | the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human beings |
| Golden Bough | A comparative study of mythology and religion, written by Scottish anthropologist Sir James George Frazer. This book was found in Jocelyn Fray's book pile. |
| Pavlov, Conditioning | Classical Conditioning explains how a neutral stimulus can acquire the capacity to elicit a response originally evoked by another stimulus |
| Freud, Subconscious and unconscious | (Psychoanalysis) Austrian physician who approached psychology while trying to treat mental disorders--focused on the unconscious |
| Planck, Quantum | studied black body radiation and discovered that energy is quantized and light has a particle character |
| Einstein, Relativity | published theory of relativity, and along with Rutherford, suggested that useful thermal energy would be released if the nuclei of atoms could be altered |
| Weber, Ideal Types | German sociologist and pioneer of the analytic method in sociology (1864-1920) |
| antisemitism | Racist hatred and fear of Jewish people. |
| Lueger | Austrian politician who used anti-semitism to be elected, showed collapse of Austrian Liberalism |
| Nietzsche | German writer who attacked democracy, Christianity and science, advocated a return to the heroism he associated with the Greeks |
| Impressionism | An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing |
| expressionism | emphasizes the life of the mind and feelings rather than the realistic external details of everyday life |
| cubism | A style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes |
| conservatives | in the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans—mainly wealthy landowners and nobles—who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe. |
| socialists | Group that believed nation's resources and industries should be owned and operated by the government on behalf of the people |
| marxists | karl marx wrote about the relationship between the classes, some marxists believe society is best when there is one class |
| extreme radicals | made sure antisemitism was put down during economic troubles. |
| military service | Under William II, Germany had a huge army that tried to match that of Britain, which made up of millions of men whom did not want to go to war but knew it was inevitable |
| Alsace-Lorraine | a piece of land that France had to give up to Germany after losing the FrancoPrussian War, this caused tension between the two and they became adversaries. |
| Honest Broker | the nickname for Bismarck because although he used to be a very violent chancellor to gain Germany it's freedom, he used peace as a foreign policy to keep all the countries on the same page and become allies so trouble didn't stir up |
| Sick Man of Europe | the ottoman empire was referred to the sick man of europe. Europe was waiting for it to die (fall) so it could colonize |
| Bosnia | Southern Slavic nation seeking independence; annexation by Austria-Hungary creates war in the Balkans; housed parade that killed Ferdinand |
| Balkans | States in the Balkan Peninsula, including Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia (Southern Serbians) |
| Triple Alliance | pre WWI alliance between Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary |
| franco-russian alliance | despite being political opposites, this pre-WWI alliance between France and Russia was a reaction to the threat posed by the Triple Alliance |
| splendid isolation | Period of isolation in GB, where they feel as though they do not need to get involved in the war; Perpetual Neutrality |
| entente cordiale | The 1904 "gentleman's agreement" between France and Britain establishing a close understanding. |
| triple entente | pre WWI alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia |
| naval race | The Naval race between Germany and Britain to see who could acquire more ships, people, arms, etc... |
| place in the sun | The term Wilhelm coined to express that he wanted Germany to have a higher position in the world |
| william II | encouraged Austria to declare war on Serbia since they did not follow through with the ultimatum; offered Austria a blank check to give them any necessary war materials |
| morocco | in 1904 France assumes control of __________ and allowed its sultan to remain the figurehead |
| South Slavs | ancestors of the Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbian peoples of the Balkan Peninsula |
| Serbia | a country that became openly hostile to Ottoman Empire and to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, , supported by Russia--wanted to create a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans |
| Young Turks | group of revolutionary and nationalistic Turks who revolted against Ottoman empire in 1908 attempting to make reforms and then sided with the central powers in WWI |
| Balkan Wars | Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war. |
| black hand | the Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand |
| Sarajevo | Location where the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of the Austrian Empire was assassinated |
| Francis Ferdinand | Archduke of Austria Hungary was traveling through Bosnia with his wife Sophia June 28th, 1914 and both were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip of the Serbian nationalist group the Black Hand-they were killed because Serbia wanted Bosnia to be independent of Austria Hungary |
| blank check | Germany swears to support Austria-Hungary in any actions it takes against Serbia |
| schlieffen plan | Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which Germany troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia |
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