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anion an atom or molecule with a net negative charge due an excess of electrons cation an atom or molecule with a net positive charge due to less electrons than protons oxyanion polyatomic/molecular anions (ion of 2 or more atoms) containing oxygen Radical an ion with unpaired electrons, and is very reactive osmole amount of a substance that dissolves in solution to form 1 mole of osmotically active particles acid H+ donator base H+ receptor pH H+ concentration pH = ‐log10[H+] buffer solution a solution which contains a weak acid and its conjugate base and resists drastic changes in pH equilibrium constant ratio of forward rate constant divided by reverse rate constant Henderson-Hasselbach equation pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]) concentration gradient water is also a particle, it flow down it's concentration gradient like any other particle Ficks law of diffusion For a given temperature, diffusion of a substance across a membrane is influenced by a range of factors: concentration gradient , Q= ΔCAβ/√MW(ΔX) ΔC= magnitude or steepness of the concentration gradient A= surface area of the membrane across which diffusion is taking place β= permeability of the membrane to the substance MW= molecular weight of the substance ΔX= distance through which the diffusion takes place (thickness of the membrane) 1st Law of thermodynamics - Energy is conserved - Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it is simply transformed into another form