A & P Chp 10,11 Test Review
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Created by:
pgilbert156 on March 20, 2011
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93 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 synergistic | type of muscle that contracts at the same time as a prime mover to produce a more effective movement |
| intrinsic | muscles that are within the part being moved. ex muscles that move the hand begin and end in the hand |
| calcaneal, achilles | common tendon of the gastrocnemous and soleus muscle |
| perimysium | tough connective tissue binding together fascicles, which are groups of skeletal muscle fibers |
| size, location, function, shape, direction, number of heads, points of attachment | 7 features used in naming muscles |
| location | brachialis is named after what feature |
| convergent | type of muscles that have fibers that converge to a narrow attachment |
| muscles of facial expression | muscles that have at least one of their points of attachment to the deep layers of the skin over the face or neck |
| origin | fixed attachment of a muscle |
| rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius | 4 parts of the anterior thigh of the quadricep muscle |
| median nerve | nerve affected in carpal tunnel syndrome |
| aponeurosis | broad, flat sheet of connective tissue usually merging with the fibrous wrappings of another muscle |
| endomysium, perimysium, epimysium | connective tissue components |
| tendon, aponeurosis, fascia, tendon sheath | connective tissue components that attach muscles to bone |
| number of heads or divisions | feature used in naming tricep muscle |
| lumbricales, interosseous, opponens pollicis | 3 examples of intrinsic hand muscles |
| epimysium | course sheath covering the muscle as a whole |
| endomysium | delicate connective membrane that covers specialized skeletal muscle cells called muscle fibers |
| tendon | strong tough cord that on its other end is continuous with the periosteum of the bone |
| fascia | fibrous ct surrounding the muscle organ and is outside the epimysium and tendon. general term for the fibrous ct found under the skin and surrounding many deeper organs |
| tendon sheath | tube shaped structures of fibrous ct. have synovial membrane lining which secretes a lubricating fluid and allows tendon to move easily |
| parallel | fibers are parallel to long axis of the muscle |
| pennate | fibers are oblique like the feathers in a plume pen |
| bipennate | fibers are double feathered |
| sphincter | fibers are curved, as in the sphincters of the face |
| antagonist | muscles that when contracting, directly oppose the prime mover, or agonist. they are relaxed while the prime mover is contracting to cause mvmt. important because they provide precision and control during contraction of the prime mover |
| prime mover (agonist) | muscle or group of muscles that directly performs a specific mvmt. mvmt of the muscle is action or function of that muscle |
| fixators | function as joint stabilizers |
| masseter, temporalis, medial, lateral pterygoid | muscles of mastication |
| lateral pterygoid | muscle of mastication that opens the jaw |
| extrinsic | muscles originating from the outside part of the skeleton moved. muscles originating in the forearm can pull on their insertions in the wrists, hand, and fingers to move them |
| opponens pollicis | important muscle of the thumb, it allows the thumb to be drawn across the palm to touch the tip of any finger--opposition of the thumb |
| gastrocnemius | most superficial muscle of the posterior leg and forms the greater part of the calf; flexes the leg and plantar flexes the foot |
| soleus | broad flat muscle just deep to the gastrocnemius, which helps to extend the foot |
| maintain posture, heat production, movement | 3 major roles muscles play in the body |
| musculoskeletal system | a single, continuous structure that comprises a coordinated, dynamic framework for the body |
| skeletal muscles | organs of the muscular system |
| smooth | nonstriated involuntary |
| isotonic | type of contraction in which tone remains the same but length changes |
| sliding filament theory | contraction process that involves the sliding of thin filaments toward the center of each sarcomere which quickly shortens the entire myofibril and the entire muscle fiber |
| sarcoplasm | muscle fibers' cytoplasm |
| cardiac | striated involuntary; found only in the heart |
| muscular dystrophy | group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle tissue |
| convulsions | abnormal, uncoordinated tetanic contractions of varying groups of muscles |
| excite, contract, extend | major function of skeletal muscles |
| peristalsis | performed by smooth muscle tissue; progressive wavelike mvmt that occurs involuntarily in the walls of hollow structures of the body |
| muscle fibers | continually remake ATP because they only store a small amount; contain mitochondria and have several nuclei |
| fibromyositis | tendon and muscle inflammation |
| myositis | inflammation of a muscle |
| sprain | occurs in the area of a joint and results in ligament damage |
| strain | muscle pain; usually involve overstretching or tearing of muscle fibers |
| sarcomere | basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber |
| fibrillation | individual fibers of a muscle contract out of sync with each other |
| motor unit | made up of one motor neuron plus the muscle fibers (cell) that attach to it |
| atrophy | shrinking of muscle mass |
| t tubules | allow electrical impulses to travel deep into the cell |
| excess oxygen | myoglobin are attached to this inside cells |
| synapse, acetylcholine | what type of connection is a neuromuscular junction & what is released there |
| relaxation | almost immediately after the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) releases its calcium ions into the sarcoplase, it begins actively pumping them back into the sacs. |
| intercalated disks | cardiac muscle cells are joined together by these strong specialized junctions |
| sarcolemma | plasma membrane of a muscle fiber |
| isometric | type of contraction where muscle length remains the same but tension increases |
| 2 sr sacs, t tubules | what makes up a triad |
| myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin | 4 protein molecules that make up myofilaments |
| myosin | what thick myofilaments are composed of |
| actin, tropomyosin, troponin | what thin myofilaments are composed of |
| triad | term given a t tubule sandwiched between 2 sacs of the sr. important because it allows an electrical impulse traveling along a t tubule to stimulate the membranes of adjacent sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| actin | a globular protein that forms 2 fibrous strands twisted around each other to form most of the thin filament |
| tropomyosin | protein that covers the active sites on the actin molecules when the myofilaments are at rest |
| troponin | protein that holds tropomyosin molecules in place |
| myosin | long shafts bundled together to form a thick filament and have "heads" sticking out from the bundle. the heads are chemically attracted to the actin molecules of the nearby thin filaments |
| excitability | ability to be stimulated |
| contractility | ability to contract, or shorten, and produce body movement |
| extensibility | ability to extend, or stretch, allowing muscles to return to their resting length |
| myofibrils | bundles of very fine fibers that extend lengthwise along skeletal muscle fibers and almost fill their sarcoplasm; made up of thick & thin myofilaments |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | muscle fibers network of tubules and sacs that is comparable to the ER of other cells; |
| heat production | muscle cells perform catabolism (breakdown) to provide this function for the body |
| contraction | this constitutes one of the most important parts of the mechanism for maintaining homeostasis of temperature |
| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter that is released into the synaptic cleft when nerve impulses reach the end of a motor neuron fiber |
| excitation | the process of synaptic transmission and induction of an impulse |
| calcium | binds to troponin molecules causing the tropomyosin to shift and expose active sites on the actin molecules |
| glucose, oxygen | muscle fibers requires this to perform catabolism |
| myoglobin | reddish-pigmented protein molecules |
| tetanus | aka tetanic contractions; smooth sustained muscle contractions--or continuous contraction |
| stretch reflex | a response in which the body tries to maintain a constant muscle length. if an increased load is unsustainable, the body will abandon the contraction and force you to relax and drop the load |
| isotonic | same tension |
| isometric | same length |
| concentric | contractions that result in the shortening of the muscle being contracted |
| eccentric | type of contraction that results in the lengthening of the muscle being contracted |
| concentric, eccentric | 2 types of isotonic contractions |
| aerobic exercise | increased blood flow as a result of this allows a more efficient delivery of oxygen and glucose to muscle fibers during exercise; causes an increase in the number of mitochondria in the muscle fibers, allowing for the production of more atp for a rapid energy source |
| cramps | painful, involuntary muscle spasms; often occur when a muscle is inflammed |
| rigor mortis | refers to the stiffness of skeletal muscles sometimes seen shortly after death |
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