AP Human Geography || Chapter 8
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svalleygal96 on March 20, 2011
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58 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Antecedent Boundaries | a boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscaped developed |
| Boundary | an indivisible line marking the extent of a state's territory |
| Centrifugal Forces | the outward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body |
| Centripetal Forces | an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state |
| Choke Point | a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or a bridge, or at sea such as a straight which an armed force is forced to pass, therefore greatly decreasing its combat, in order to reach its objective. |
| City-State | a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside |
| Colonialism | attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory |
| Colonies | a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent |
| Commonwealth of Independent States | an alliance made up of states that had been the Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in 1991 |
| Compact State | a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly; usually shaped circular [Examples: Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya] |
| Confederation | an alliance |
| Cultural Boundaries | boundaries between states that coincide with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion; another cultural boundary is drawn according to geometry |
| Decolonization | the action of changing from colonial to independent status |
| Devolution | the passing of authority [especially from a central government to a regional government] |
| Elongated State | a state with a long, narrow shape [Examples: Chile, Italy, Malawi, Gambia] |
| Enclave | a territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory [Example: Lesotho] |
| European Union | Western Europe's most important economic organization; the main task is to promote development within the member states through economic cooperation |
| Exclave | is a territory legally or politically attached to another territory with which it is not politically contiguous [Example: Liberty Island] |
| Exclusive Economic Zone | a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources; stretches from the seaward edge of the state's territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from its coast |
| Federal States | an internal organization of that state that allocates most powers to units of local governments [Examples: United States, India, Brazil, Canada] |
| Fragmented States | a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory [Examples: Indonesia, India, Alaska, Russia] |
| Frontier | a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control [Antarctica, Saudi Arabia] |
| Geometric Boundaries | straight lines that serve as political boundaries that are unrelated to physical and/or cultural differences [Example: United States/Canada border] |
| Geopolitical | relating to the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of states |
| Heartland Theory | Hypothesis proposed by Halford Mckinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world |
| High Seas | refers to the area of the sea beyond the national jurisdiction of any state |
| Imperialism | control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society |
| International Organizations | an organization with an international membership, scope or presence |
| Landlocked | a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea |
| Maritime Boundaries | a conceptual means of division of the water surface of the planet into maritime areas that are defined through surrounding physical geography or by human geography |
| Median Lines | an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places. |
| Microstates | a state that encompasses a very small land area |
| Multinational States | contains two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities |
| Nation | a politically organized body of people under a single government |
| Nation State | a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality |
| North American Free Trade Agreement | an agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America. |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | a military alliance among 16 democratic states including the United States and Canada, plus 14 European states [Belgium, Denmark, West Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Turkey and the United Kingdom. France Spain were members but did not contribute troops]; designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe |
| Organic Theory | It is comparing a state to a living organism. The state needs land to grow such as an organism needs nutrition to grow. |
| Perforated State | a state that completely surrounded by another state [Example: South Africa] |
| Physical Boundaries | boundaries that are made by important physical features on Earth's surface; can include mountains, deserts and water. |
| Prorupted State | an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension [Examples: Congo, Afghanistan] |
| Reapportionment | to redistribute or reallocate |
| Redistricting | changing political borders |
| Religious Boundaries | boundaries between states that coincide with religious differences [Examples: India/Pakistan, Northern Ireland] |
| Rimland | a land or region at the periphery of the heartland |
| Self-Determination | the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves |
| Sovereignty | government free from external control |
| State | an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs |
| Stateless | without a state or nationality |
| Subsequent Boundaries | boundaries that are created as a result of long time processes |
| Superimposed Boundaries | boundaries that has been forced upon the inhabitants of an area to solve an issue/conflict |
| Supranational Organizations | a world or regional organization that is not tied to any one sovereign country [Example: World Bank] |
| Territorial Sea | a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state |
| Terrorism | the calculated use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear |
| Unitary State | an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials |
| United Nations | international organization created at the end of WWII to help maintain international peace |
| United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas | defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources |
| Warsaw Pact | a military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries to defend each other in case of attack [Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania]; designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe |
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