Sociology Exam 2
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Socialization | process of learning your culture |
| Socialization process | become: self aware knowledgeable skilled in the ways of culture thinkers |
| socialization keeps us... | alive, developmentally on target, develop/ignore aptitudes, learn appropriate emotional responses, teaches relevant aspects of culture |
| Social reproduction | process by whereby societies have structural continuity over time. |
| importance of socialization | makes social reproduction possible, facilitates relationships across generations, ensures that we internalize key aspects of our culture |
| cognition | the way in which children learn to think about themselves and the environment. |
| social self | "me" |
| Self-consciousness | coming to see one's self as others see them. |
| generalized other | general values and moral rules of the culture in which they are developing |
| Phases of play (Mead) | Simple Imitation taking the role of others (being favorite superhero) Generalized other (team sport) |
| Jean Piaget | stages of cognitive development |
| sensorimotor stage | birth-about age 2, infants learn mainly by touching objects, manipulation them, and physically exploring their environment. fascinated with peek-a-boo, object performance not intact |
| Preoperational stage | 2-7, children master language and use words to represent objects and images in a symbolic fashion. |
| egocentric | interpret world exclusively in terms of own position. happens in preoperational stage |
| Concrete operational stage | 7-11, master abstract logical notions such as causality. |
| Formal operational stage | 11-15, becomes able to grasp highly abstract and hypothetical ideas. |
| Piaget's beliefs of stages: | first three stages are universal, not all adults reach formal operational stage. |
| "I" is | the unsocialized self. Desires and wants |
| "Me" is | the socialized self. see ourselves as others do, we have the perspective of the team. |
| Social awareness | happens when we are able to distinguish the "I" from "me" |
| Agents of socialization | groups or social contexts in which significant process of socialization occur |
| Peer group | consists of individuals of a similar age |
| Age-grades | marked by ceremonies or rites that mark the transition from one age-grade to another. |
| Mass media | electronic communication -- radio, TV, audio recordings, and videos. |
| Social roles | socially defined expectations for a person of a given social position |
| Identity | relates to people's understanding about who they are and what is meaningful to them |
| Social identity | refer to the characteristics that other people attribute to an individual, markers that indicate who, in a basic sense, that individual is. (student, mother, lawyer, catholic, homeless, etc.) |
| Self-identity | process of self development through which we formulate a unique sense of our selves and our relationship to the world. |
| Gender socialization | learning of gender roles trough social factors such as the family and the media |
| Gender roles | What society expects you to act like as a man (tough) or woman (not tough) |
| Norms | principles or rules people are expected to observe |
| Deviance | nonconformity to a set of norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society |
| Psychopaths | withdrawn, emotionless characters who delight in violence for its own sake |
| Sanction | any reaction from others that is meant to ensure that a person or group complies with a given norm. |
| Laws | norms defined by governments as principles that their citizens must follow |
| Crimes | behavior that breaks a law. |
| Anomie | exists when there are no clear standards to guide behavior in a given area of social life (Emile Durkheim) |
| Differential association | criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime. (Edwin H. Sutherland) |
| Labeling theory | suggests people become deviant because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others. |
| Primary deviation | initial act of transgression |
| Secondary deviation | when individual accepts label and sees himself as deviant. |
| Conflict theory | Draws on elements of Marxist thought to argue that deviance is deliberate and often political. |
| New criminology | analyze crime and deviance in terms of the social structure and the preservation of power among the ruling class. |
| Control theory | crime results from an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social or physical controls that deter it. |
| White-collar crime | Crime by affluent people. Tax fraud, antitrust violations, illegal sales practice, etc. (Edwin Sutherland, 1949). |
| Corporate crime | offenses committed by large corporations |
| Organized crime | embraces illegal gambling, drug dealing, prostitution, etc. |
| Cybercrime | internet-based fraud, etc. |
| Community policing | not only involving citizens but also changing the outlook of police forces. |
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