Chapter 9 Study Guide
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 synovial joints | Bones separated by a joint cavity, lubricated by synovial fluid, enclosed in fibrous joint capsule |
| fibrous joints | bones held together by collagenous fibers extending from the matrix of one bone into the matrix of the next; no joint cavity |
| cartilaginous joints | bones held together by cartilage; no joint cavity |
| diarthroses | freely movable synovial joints |
| amphiarthroses | slightly movable joints |
| synarthroses | joints with little or no movement |
| two systems to classify joints | structural and functional |
| What is the difference between arthrology and kinesiology? | ... |
| three types of fibrous joints | sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses |
| three types of sutures | serrate, lap, and plane sutures |
| two types of cartilaginous joints | synchondroses and symphyses |
| name some joints that become synostoses as they age | frontal bone and mandible |
| suture | ... |
| gomphosis | ... |
| syndesmosis | ... |
| Name two synchondroses. | ... |
| Name two symphyses. | ... |
| six types of synovial joints | ... |
| factors that affect the range of motion of a joint | ... |
| give an anatomical example of a first-, second-, and third-class lever | ... |
| synovial fluid | slippery lubricant in a joint |
| meniscus | cartilage that forms a pad in a joint |
| tendon | strip or sheet of tough, collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone |
| ligament | tissue that attaches one bone to another |
| bursa | fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles or where a tendon passes over a bone |
| tendon sheaths | elongated cylinders wrapped around a tendon, numerous in the hand and foot |
| ball-and-socket joints | smooth hemispherical head that fits within a cuplike depression on the other, hip and shoulder |
| hinge joints | one bone has a convex surface that fits into a concave depression of the other one |
| saddle joint | joint at the base of the thumb, responsible for opposable thumb |
| pivots joints | one bone has a projection that fits into a ringlike ligament of another |
| gliding (plane) joint | adjacent bones slide over each other |
| condyloid (ellipsoid) joints | an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a similarly shaped depression on the next |
| flexion | movement that decreases the angle of a joint, usually in a sagittal plane |
| extension | movement that straightens a joint and returns a body part to anatomical position |
| hyperextension | the extension of a joint beyond 180° |
| abduction | movement of a body part away from the midsagittal line |
| adduction | movement toward the midsagittal line , return to anatomical position |
| elevation | movement that raises a bone vertically |
| protraction | movement of a bone anteriorly (forward) on a horizontal plane |
| retraction | movement posteriorly |
| lateral excursion | sideways movement to the right or left |
| medial excursion | movement back to the midline |
| circumduction | movement in which one end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the other end makes circle |
| rotation | movement in which a bone turns on its longitudinal axis |
| supination | palm faces forward or upward, anatomical position |
| pronation | palm faces toward the rear or downward |
| dorsiflexion | movement in which the toes are raised |
| plantar flexion | extension of the foot so that the toes point downward |
| inversion | movement in which the soles are turned medially |
| eversion | turning of the soles to face laterally |
| lever | any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point |
| fulcrum | fixed point in a joint |
| first-class lever | lever with fulcrum in the middle |
| second-class lever | lever with resistance is in the middle |
| third-class lever | lever where the effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance |
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