AP Human Geography Study Guide: Development, Agriculture, & Industry
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77 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 development | The process of improving the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. |
| MDC | A country that has progressed relatively far on the development continuum. Also relatively developed country; developed country. |
| LDC | A country in an earlier stage of development. Also developing country. |
| Primary | economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment; such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture |
| Secondary | economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector |
| Tertiary | economic activity associated with the provision for services (transportation, banking, retailing, education, routine, office-based jobs) |
| Quaternary | service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital (finance, administration, insurance, legal services) |
| Quinary | service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge skill (scientific research, high-level management) |
| Transnational Corporations | companies with investments and activities that span international boundaries and with subsidiary companies, factories, offices or facilities in several countries |
| Productivity | (economics) the ratio of the quantity and quality of units produced to the labor per unit of time |
| Value Added | the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy |
| UNHDI | The official "scorebook" that the U.N. uses to classify countries' development by its economic, social, and demographic factors. The economic factor is a country's GDP per capita; the social factors are literacy rate and the amount of education; the demographic factor is life expectancy. |
| UNHDI | Governments and organizations hope to learn to break down barriers against development and to improve human condition globally. |
| UNHDI | Incorporates 3 basic dimensions of healthy life: long & healthy life, knowledge, and decent standard of living. |
| MDC | A country that has progressed relatively far on the development continuum. Also relatively developed country; developed country. |
| MDC | Anglo-America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, South Pacific |
| LDC | A country in an earlier stage of development. Also developing country. |
| LDC | Latin America, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Rostow's Development Model | Created by Walter Rostrow—Proposed that countries went through 5 stages of growth between agricultural and service-based economies. Assumed that each country had at least some form of comparative advantage that could be utilized in international trade and thus fund the country's economic development overtime. |
| Rostrow's Development Model | Traditional Society, Preconditions for Takeoff, Takeoff, Drive to Maturity, Age of Mass Consumption |
| Traditional Society | The economy is focused on primary production (fishing, agriculture.) The country's limited wealth is spent internally on things that do not promote economic development. Technical knowledge is low. |
| Preconditions for Takeoff | The country's leadership begins to invest in the country's wealth in infrastructure such as roads, ports, electrification, and school systems that promotes economic development and trade relations with other nations. More technical knowledge is learned that stimulates the economy. |
| Takeoff | The economy begins to shift focus onto a limited number of industrial exports. Much of the country still participates in traditional agriculture, but the labor force beings to shift to factory work. Technical experience is gained in industrial production and business management. |
| Drive to Maturity | Technical (or technology) advancements diffuse throughout the country. Advancements in industrial production are seen in many sectors of the economy, which grows rapidly. Workers become increasingly skilled and educated, and fewer people are engaged in traditional activities like agriculture. |
| Age of Mass Consumption | An industrial trade economy develops where highly specialized production such as vehicles, energy, and consumer products dominate the economy. Technical knowledge and education levels are high. Agriculture is mechanized (no longer traditional) and emplays a small labor force. |
| Commodity Chain | series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is on world market |
| Gross National Product | The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year. It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country; whether or not they are located within the country. |
| Gross National Income | Calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country, as a more accurate way of measuring a country's wealth in the context of a global economy. |
| Per Capita GNI | The Gross National Product of a given country divided by its population. |
| Neocolonialism | The entrenchment of the colonial order, such as trade and investment, under a new guise. |
| Structuralist Theory | A general term for a model of economic development that treats economic disparities among countries or regions as the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system. |
| Dependency Theory | A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop. |
| World-Systems Theory | Theory originated by Immanuel Wallenstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world. |
| Maquiladora | The term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market. The low-wage workers in the primarily foreign-owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods. |
| Special Economic Zones | The specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business. |
| Nongovernmental Organizations | International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues. |
| Agriculture | the purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber |
| Subsistence Agriculture | self sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology & emphasizes food production for local consumption, not trade |
| Shifting Cultivation | Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning. These clearing are usually abandoned after a few years in favor of newly cleared forest land. Also known as slash-and-burn-agriculture. |
| Slash And Burn Agriculture | Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning; Also known as shifting cultivation. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce |
| Von Thunen Model | A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market |
| Rectangular Survey System | Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels. |
| Township and Range System | A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior. |
| Long lot Survey System | distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals |
| Commercial Agriculture | term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology |
| Agribusiness | General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry |
| Trade Bloc | a group of nations that lower or abolish trade barriers among members. EX: The EU and NAFTA |
| Village Forms | linear, clustered, round, grid, walled |
| Labor Intensive Industry | an industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses. |
| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture | a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land |
| Swidden | a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land |
| Neo-Liberalism | Derives from the neoclassical economic idea that government intervention into markets is inefficient and undesirable and should be resisted whenever possible. EX: Enron, Bernie Maddoff |
| Capital | wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value |
| Industrial Revolution | the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850. |
| SINK | Single Income No Kids |
| DINK | Double Income No Kids |
| UNHDI | United Nation Human Development Index |
| Informal Economy | What economy is essential for survival in a LDC? |
| Japan | Which has the highest per capita income out of the US, China, and Japan? |
| 2 | Organic food in the US now constitutes ____% of the total food production. |
| Fertile Cresent | Most scholars believe that seed cultivation (1st Agricultural Revolution) occurred in what major region? |
| shifting cultivation | What is a form of tropical subsistence agriculture in which fields are rotated after short periods of crop production? |
| 150 200 | ______-_______ million people practice shifting cultivation. |
| 17 18 | The 2nd Agricultural Revolution can be traced to Europe within the time frame of the ____th and ____th centuries. |
| Central America | Where did the corn of the American "corn belt" originate from? |
| Milpa | What involves the burning of fields to clear them? |
| cash crops | Colonial powers made subsistence farmers grow _______ ________ in addition to food crops. |
| biofuel | Bio-genetic engineering now allows the growing of new strains in more arid regions of the plain states to meet the demand of the _______ industry. |
| India | In what region was cattle domesticated in and became an important cultural feature? |
| Fertile | Geographer Lee Liu studied the spatial patterns of agriculture in parts of china, he found that soils in intensively used fields near villages were ________. |
| Township and Range | The rectangular land division scheme in the US adopted after the American Revolution is quite unique. What is its correct name? |
| Brazil | Where were rubber trees first tapped in (Amazon)? |
| SE Asia | Where did colonial powers transplant rubber trees to? |
| Ethiopia | Where was coffee first domesticated? |
| Central and S America | Where does 70% of today's production of coffee occur? |
| 40 | Fair trade coffee settlers certify that _____% of the profits go to the seller. |
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