Terms List Ch. 35
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ChiChi199424 on March 23, 2011
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61 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Secretary Hull | He was the secretary of state under Franklin D. Roosevelt, he negotiated trade agreements with 21 countries that said if US lowers its tariffs then they would do the same after this US foreign trade increased dramatically. |
| Winston Churchill | A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. He was known as an orator. |
| Adolf Hitler | Adolf Hitler, a charismatic, Austrian-born demagogue, rose to power in Germany during the 1920s and early 1930s at a time of social, political, and economic downfall (because of the failure of the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I). Failing to take power by force in 1923, he eventually won power by democratic means. Once in power, he eliminated all opposition and launched an ambitious program of world domination and elimination of the Jews, paralleling ideas he advanced in his book, Mein Kampf. His "1,000 Year Reich" barely lasted 12 years and he killed himself after losing the war. |
| Mussolini | The prime minister and dictator of Italy from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown. He established a repressive fascist regime that valued nationalism, militarism, anti-liberalism and anti-communism combined with strict censorship and state propaganda. Mussolini became a close ally of German dictator Adolf Hitler, whom he influenced. Mussolini entered World War II in June, 1940 on the side of Nazi Germany. Three years later, the Allies invaded Italy. In April 1945 Mussolini attempted to escape to German-controlled Austria, only to be captured and killed. |
| Joseph Stalin | General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until 1953 . Stalin's increasing control of the Party from 1928 onwards led to him becoming the de facto party leader and the dictator of his country. He was in charge during World War II. |
| Thomas Dewey | He was the Governor of New York and the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the U.S. Presidency in 1944 and 1948. As a leader of the liberal faction of the Republican party he fought the conservative faction led by Senator Robert A. Taft, and played a major role in nominating Dwight D. Eisenhower for the presidency in 1952. |
| Wendell Willkie | He led the opposition of utilities companies to competition from the federally funded Tennessee Valley Authority. His criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt led to his dark-horse victory at the 1940 Republican Party presidential convention. After a vigorous campaign, he won only 10 states but received more than 22 million popular votes, the largest number received by a Republican to that time. |
| Henry J. Kaiser | He had supervised the constrution of Boulder Dam and reduced the prodution time to less than two weeks instead of 6 months and then to one ship a day. |
| General MacArthur | He was one of the most-known American military leaders of World War 2. He liberated the Phillipines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945, also he drove back North Korean invaders during the Korean War. |
| General Eisenhower | He was a five-star general in the United States Army and became our 34th President of the United States. During the Second World War, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944-45. In 1951, he also became the first supreme commander of NATO. |
| Harry Truman | The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. |
| Albert Einstein | Physicist who fled Nazi persecution and later encouraged President Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb. |
| Tydings-McDuffie Act | During the time of FDR, this provided the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution for a 10-year "transitional period" which became the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence, during which the US would maintain military forces in the Philippines. |
| Good Neighbor Policy | Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy. |
| Reciprocal Trade Agreement | Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934. It was designed to lower the tariff, it aimed at both relief and recovery. Secretary of State Hull succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same. With the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, the president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same. During these years of trade agreements, U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically. The act paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system that took shape after WWII. |
| Rome-Berlin Axis | This was an agreement between Italy and Germany with close cooperation. This was a result of the western powers condemning Italy's aggression, and Hitler overcoming Mussolini's doubts about the Nazis. |
| Johnson Debt Default Act | At 1934 this act forbade any countries that still owed the U.S. money from borrowing any more cash. America continued to isolate itself, everything would stay good if it didn't interfere. |
| Neutrality Acts | It was originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations. |
| Quarantine Speech | The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism. |
| Nazi-Soviet Pact | This was a secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians that said that they would not attack each other, eventually Stalin would be double crossed by Hitler, because Hitler believed he would be double crossed first. |
| Appeasement | This was when a country would satisfy the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability. This is what initially France and Britain did against Hitler when he demanded Sudatenland. This was unsuccessful for eventually he would capture all of Czechoslovakia. |
| Neutrality Act of 1939 | This act provided that hence forth the European democracies might buy American war materials, but only on a "cash-and-carry basis". This once again was slowly leaning towards involvement and away from isolationism. |
| "Phony War" | This was a phase in early World War II and it marked by few military operations in Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground. |
| America First Committee | This was a committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker. |
| Lend Lease Act | This was approved by Congress in March 1941. The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States." FDR began leading towards involvement rather than isolationism. |
| War Production Board | During World War II, FDR established the board in order to limit or stop the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers. This helped focus industry as well as agriculture towards the war. |
| Office of Price Administration | This office helped regulate fluctuating and decreasing prices. This agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation. |
| Women in arms | These were women who were employed during World War 2 for noncombat duties. WAC was a group of women who trained and worked in the army. |
| Bracero Program | This was a wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet when there was a manpower shortage. The agreement was in effect from 1941 to 1947. |
| Rosie the Riveter | This was a propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. |
| Baby Boomers | Children whose parents established families following the end of WWII and during the 1950s when the peacetime economy was strong and stable. , The 78 million people born during the baby boom, following World War II and lasting until the early 1960s. |
| FEPC | (Fair Employment Practices Comitee) it reduced discrimination in war industries to increase production. |
| Double V | African-Americans demanded a "Double V" campaign to gain victory over racial discrimination at home as well as over the Axis abroad. |
| Mechanical Cotton Picker | This invention's impact rivaled that of the cotton gin and did the work of 50 people at 1/8ths of the cost. This is one reason why African Americans began to move to the North. |
| Code Talkers | These were Indians who transmitted messages in their native languages; languages which the Germans and Japanese could not understand. |
| Leap Frogging | It was another name from Island hopping. This was the military campaign to defeating Japan after the defeat of Germany. |
| Unconditional surrender | This was an idea that enemy nations would have to accept whatever peace terms the Allies dictated. |
| London Economic Conference | The goal was to develop a worldwide solution to the Great Depression, wanted a stabilized currency for the revival of world trade. |
| Panay Incident | During the time of FDR, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized. |
| Spanish Civil War | In 1936 there was a rebellion erupted in Spain after groups of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco. |
| Sudetenland | Hitler claimed that this German inhabited Czechoslovakian area was the last territorial claim he had on Europe. France and Britain appeased to Hitler's demand and then Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia. |
| Munich Conference | This was a 1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further. |
| Election of 1940 | Rossevelt was the democratic candidate again vs. Wendell Wilkie which was the republic candidate, Roosevelt wins ; FDR had to declare that he would not send Americans to war in order to win ; greatly plagued the years before WWII ; won in a landslide ; first time a president was elected for a third term. |
| Atlantic Charter | It was a declaration that stated the countries aims for the outcome of the war. Stated people of every nation should be free to choose their own form of government and live free of fear and want, disarmament, and a permanent system of general security. |
| Pearl Harbor | United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. |
| Korematsu vs. US | This was a 1944 South Carolina decision that upheld as constitutional the internment of more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent into camps during World War 2. |
| Zoot Suit Riots | This was a series of riots in L.A. California during World War 2. Soldiers were stationed in the city because of the zoot Mexican Americans wore. |
| New Guinea | The Southern half the British and Australians control and Northern half the Japanese control. The Japanese wanted to isolate Australia. |
| Midway Island | The last American base in the north Pacific west of Hawaii. Which was attacked by the Japanese known as "The Battle of Midway". Huge turning point in the war due to crushing blow dealt to the Japanese Navy after trying to ambush awaiting US Navy. Due to a American's break of Japanese Navy secret code. |
| Miracle at Dunkirk | By May 1940, the Germans were pouring into France. The retreating Allied forces then were caught between the Nazis and the English Channel. The British then sent every available ship or boat to get the stranded troops off the beaches on Dunkirk and Ostend. Despite the attacks, the British saved more than 300,000 people which really boosted their morale as well. |
| Battle of Britain | This was an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. This was complete an air battle. |
| D-Day | It was on June 6, 1944 and led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. |
| El Alamein | This was a town in Egypt and the site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. |
| Battle of the Bulge | After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. Hitler put children in the front line as their last attempt to win. |
| The Holocaust | The Holocaust took place in Europe between 1993 and 1945. Six million Jews were systematically and brutally murdered by the Nazis and their collaborators. Miliions of non-Jews, including Roma and Sinti (Gypsies), Serbs, political dissidents, people with disabilities, homosexuals and Jehova's Witnesses, were also persecuted by the Nazis. |
| Potsdam Conference | This was the final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. Truman beings up the "Greatest weapon" and for him to bring it up Stalin took offense. Truman took offense when Stalin knew already about the weapon. |
| V-E Day | It was called Victory in Europe Day. This was when the WWII Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's. |
| V-J Day | This was the name chosen for the day on which the Surrender of Japan occurred, effectively ending World War II, and is known as the anniversary of WWII. |
| Atomic Bombs | They were developed by the US through the manhattan project (Albert Einstien), and authorized for use against Japan by president Truman in order to pressure the Japanese into a quick surrender and avoid heavy american casualties that would come from an invasion of the Japanese mainland. Highly controversial. |
| Battle of Okinawa | This battle lasted almost 3 months. The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. |
| Battle of Iwo Jima | Japanese Island that was 2nd closest battle to Japan. The U.S. lost 6,000, the Japanese 20,000. The island was prized by the Americans as a launching point for heavy bombing raids on mainland Japan. |
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