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adaption a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce bottleneck effect Genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size disruptive selection natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait founder effect change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population genetic drift random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations microevolution evolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies population a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area speciation the evolution of a biological species adaptive radiation evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments coevolution process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other divergent evolution when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time geographic isolation the physical separation of populations due to geographic barriers that prevent interbreeding gradualism The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily mutation a change or alteration in form or qualities puncuated equilibrium evolution happens in spurts rather than being steady species group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring allele frequency how often a form of a gene appears in a gene pool convergent evolution when two or more species NOT descended from a common ancestor develop similar traits extinction no longer in existence gene flow the movement of alleles into or out of a population HArdy-Weinburg equilibrium When the amount of variation in a population remains constant in the absence of disturbing forces natural selection a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment reproductive selection Can no longer inner breed stabilizing selection natural selection that favors average individuals in a population behavorial isolation two populations are capable of interbreeding but differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior directional selection occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait fitness ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment gene pool all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population equilibrium a state of balance normal distribution A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph. sexual selection when individuals select mates based on heritable traits temporal isolation two or more species reproduce at different times