| Term | Definition |
| mineral | a naturally ocurring, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and characteristic set of physical properties |
| ore mineral | minerals that are valuable and economical to extract |
| alloys | two or more metals that have been combined |
| subsurface mining | ore deposits that are mined usually 50 m or more beneath the earth's surface |
| surface mining | mining of ores on the earth's surface |
| open-pit mining | mining of ores that is used when large quantity of near-sruface ore are present |
| overburned rock | rocks that are removed from the surface to allowing mining of ore |
| placer deposit | miinerals that are concentrated by wind and water into surface deposits |
| dreding | a method of mining which consist of a floating barge on which buckets fiexed on a conveyor are used to excavate sediments |
| smelting | crushed ore is melted at high temperatures in furnances to separate impurities from molten metal |
| subsidence | th sinking of regions of the ground whith little or no horizontal movement |
| reclamation | the process of returning land to its original or better condition after mining is completed |