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Created by:
imyourpapie on March 24, 2011
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466 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Gingiva | The Gums |
| Ileum | Terminal part of the small intestine; between the jejunum and the cecum of the large intestine. |
| Enamel | The hard, calcified substance that covers the crown of a tooth. |
| Goblet Cells | Individual cells (unicellular glands) that produce mucus. |
| Cecum | The blind-end pouch at the beginning of the large intestine. |
| Hypothermia | Subnormal body temperature. |
| Diverticulum | A pouch or sac in the walls of a hollow organ or structure. |
| Glycogenolysis | Breakdown of glycogen to glucose. |
| Anus | Distal end of the digestive tract; outlet of the rectum. |
| Urea | Main nitrogen-containing waste excreted in urine. |
| Metabolism | Sum total of the chemical reactions occuring in the body cells. |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of the peritoneum. |
| Pancreas | Gland located behind the stomach, between the spleen and the duodenum; produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions. |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver. |
| Glucose | Principal blood sugar; a hexose. |
| Glycerol | A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol). |
| Gallbladder | Sac beneath the right lobe of the liver used for bile storage. |
| Pyrogen | An agent or chemical substance that induces fever. |
| Fatty Acids | Linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end. A constituent of fat. |
| Lipid | Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; example are fats and cholesterol. |
| Calorie (cal) | Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius. Energy exchanges associated with biochemical reactions are usually reported in kilocalories (1 kcal = 1000 cal) or large calories (Cal). |
| Fundus | Base of an organ; that part farthest from the opening (exit) of the organ. |
| Disaccharide | Literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose. |
| Feces | Material discharged from the bowel; compoased of food residue, secretions, bacteria. |
| Lacteal | Special lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine that take up lipids. |
| Mesenteries | Double-layered extensions of the peritoneum that support most organs in the abdominal. |
| Heat Stroke | The failure of the heat-regulating ability of an individual under heat stress. |
| Pharynx | Muscular tube extending from the region posterior to the nasal cavities to the esophagus. |
| Jaundice | Yellowing of the skin and white of the eyes due to excessive bilirubin in the blood. |
| Chyme | Semifluid, creamy mass consisting of partially digested food and gastric juice. |
| Alimentary Canal | The continuous hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus; its walls are constructed by the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. |
| Anabolism | Energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances. |
| Deciduous (Milk) Teeth | The 20 temporary teeth replaced by permanent teeth; "baby" teeth. |
| Saliva | Secretion of the salivary glands; cleanses and moistens the mouth and begins chemical digestion of starchy foods. |
| Pepsin | Enzyme capable of digesting proteins in an acid pH. |
| Kilocalories (kcal) | 1 kcal = 1000 cal. See Calories. |
| Defecation | Elimination of the contents of the bowels (feces). |
| Digestion | Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs to substances that can be absorbed. |
| Duodenum | First part of the small intestine. |
| Digestive System | System that processes food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible wastes. |
| Glycolysis | Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid; an anaerobiv process. |
| Jejunum | The part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. |
| Hypothalamus | Region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain. |
| Gastrin | Hormone secreted in the stomach; regulates gastric juice secretion by stimulating HCL (hydrogen chloride) production. |
| Glycogenesis | Formation of glycogen from glucose. |
| Deglutition | Swallowing. |
| Vitamins | Organic compounds required by the body in minute amounts. |
| Gluconeogenesis | Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrage molecules. |
| Intrinsic Factoer | Substance produced by the stomach that is required for vitamin B12 absorption. |
| Minerals | Inorganic chemical compounds found in nature; salts. |
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) | Rate at which energy is expended (heat produced) by the body per unit time under controlled (basal) conditions: 12 hours after a meal, at rest. |
| Peristalsis | Progressive, wavelike contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube organs (or that move other substances through other hollow body organs). |
| Microvilli | Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption. |
| Cementum | The bony connective tissue that covers the root of a tooth. |
| Nutrients | Chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy and cell building. |
| Krebs Cycle | Aerobic metabolic pathway occurring within mitochondria, in which food metabolites are oxidized and CO2 is liberated, and coenzymes are reduced. |
| Absorption | Process by which the products of digestion pass through the alimentary tube mucosa into the blood or lymph. |
| Parotid | Located near the ear. |
| Mastication | Chewing. |
| Protein | Complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hyrdrogen, and nitrogen; composes 10% to 30% of cell mass. |
| Papilla | Small, nipplelike projection; e.g.,dermal papillae are projections of dermal tissure into the epidermis. |
| Monosaccharide | Literally, one sugar; building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose. |
| Villus | Fingerlike projections of the small intestinal mucosa that tremendously increase its surface area for absorption. |
| Rugae | Elevations or ridges, as in the mucosa of the stomach. |
| Uvula | Tissue tag hanging from soft palate. |
| Polysaccharide | Literally, many sugars, a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch, glycogen. |
| Sphincter | A circular muscle surrounding an opening; acts as a valve. |
| Renin | Substance released by the kidneys that is involved with raising blood pressure. |
| Cardioesophageal Sphincter | Valve between the stomach and esophagus. |
| Ulcer | Lesion or erosion of the mucous membrane, such as gastric ulcer of stomach. |
| Alimentary | Pertaining to the digestive organs. |
| Vasoconstriction | Narrowing of blood vessels. |
| Electron Transport Chain | Metabolic pathway within the mitochondria in which energy harvested from high-energy hydrogen atoms is used to make ATP. Final delivery of H to molecular oxygen produces water. |
| Pancreatic Juice | Bicarbonate-rich secretion of the pancreas containing enzymes for digestion of all food categories. |
| Enzyme | A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction. |
| Pylorus | The final portion of the stomach; joins with the duodenum. |
| Bile | Greenish-yellow or brownish fluid produced in and secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine. |
| Dentin | The calcified tissure forming the major part of a tooth; deep to the enamel. |
| Cirrhosis | Chronic disease of the liver, characterized by an overgrowth of connective tissure or fibrosis. |
| Bolus | A rounded mass of food prepared by the mouth for swallowing; any soft round mass. |
| Catabolism | Process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances. |
| Glottis | Opening betwen the vocal cords in the larnyx |
| Anoxia | Deficiency of oxygen |
| Hyperpnea | Breathing that is deeper and more vigorous, but with unchanged respiratory rate as during exercise. |
| Surfactant | Secretion produced by cetain cells of the alveoli that reduces the surface tension of water molecules, thus preventing the collapse of the alveoli after each expiration. |
| Cellular resperation | metabolic processes in which ATP is produced |
| Cytotoxic T cell | Effector T cell that directly kills (lysys) foreign cells, cancel cells, or virus-infected body cells. Also called a killer T cell. |
| Mediastinum | A subdivision of the thracic cavity containing the pericardial cavity |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | Collective term for progressive, obstructive respiratory disorders; includes emphysema, chrnic brochitis. |
| Asthma | A disorder of the bronchi that cause constriction of mucus production. |
| Pleurisy | Inflammation of the pleurae, making breathing painful. |
| Pulmonary ventilation | Breathing; consist of inspiration and expiration. |
| Diaphragm | (1) Any partition or wall separating one area from another; (2) a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the lower abdominopelvic cavity. |
| Tidal Volume | Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with a normal breath. |
| Pharnyx | Muscular tube extending from the region posterior to the nasal cavities to the esophagus. |
| Expiration | Act of expelling air from the lungs; exhalation |
| Vocal Folds | Mucosal folds that function in voice production (speech); also called the true vocal cords. |
| Internal Respiration | Exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid and between tissue fluid and cells. |
| Nares | The nostrils |
| Hypoxia | Condition in which inedequate oxygen is available to tissue |
| Larynx | Cartilaginous organ located between the trachea and the pharynx; voice box |
| Conducting zone | Includes all respiratory passageways that provide conduits for air to reach the site of gas exchange (the respiratory zone). |
| Respiratory Zone | Actual site of gas exchange; composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. |
| Emphysema | A pulmonary disease characterized by deterioration of the lung stroma and increase in size of the alveoli |
| Vital capacity (VC) | The volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by forcible experation after the deepest inspiration; total exchangeable air |
| Palate | Roof of the mouth |
| Inspiration | Drawing of air into lungs: inhalation |
| Squamous | (1) flat scalelike; (2) pertaining to flat, thin cells that form the free surface of some epithlial tissues. |
| Eupnea | Normal respiratory rate and rythym |
| Epiglottis | elastic cartilage at the back of the throat; covers the opening of the larynx (glottis) during swallowing. |
| Dyspnea | Diffucult or labored breathing; air hunger |
| Serosa (Serous membrane) | The moist membrane found in closed ventral body cavities |
| Pneumothorax | The presence of air or gas in pleural cavity |
| Apnea | Breathing cessation |
| Hyperventilation | Increased depth and rate of breathing |
| Trachea | Windpipe; cartilage-reinforced tube extending from larynx to bronchi |
| Respiratory system | Organ system that carries out gas exchange; includes the nose, pharynx, larnyx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. |
| Cyanosis | Bluish tinge to skin or fingernails due to loss of blood to the area |
| Alveolus | One of the microscopic air sacs of the lungs |
| Oxyhemoglobin | Oxygen-bound form of hemoglobin |
| Cellular immunity | Immunity conferrd by lymphocytes called T cells. Also referred to as cell-mediated immunity. |
| Antigen (Ag) | A substance or part of substance (living or nonliving) that is recognized as foreigh by the immune system activates the immune system, and reacts with immune cells or their products. |
| Monoclonal antibodies | Pure preparations of identical antibodies that exhibit specificity for a single antigen. |
| Inflammation | A nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue injury: includes dilation of blood vessels and an increase in vessel permeability: indicated by redness, heat, swelling and pain |
| Pus | Fluid product of inflammation composed of white blood cells, the debris of dead cells and a thin fluid |
| B cells | Lymphocytes that oversee humoral immunity: their descendants differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells. Also called B lymphocytes |
| Immunocompetence | Ability of the body's immune cells to recognize (by binding) specific antigens; reflects the presence of plasma membrane bound receptors. |
| Macrophage | Protective cell type common in connective & lymphatic tissue and certain body organs that phagocytizes tissue cells, bacteria, and other foreign debris; important as an antigen-presenter to T cells and B cells in the immune response. |
| Pyrogen | An agent or chemical substance that induces fever |
| immunoglobulin | A protein molecule, released by plasma cells, that mediates humoral immunity; an antibody |
| Antibody | A protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell(a daughter cell of an activated B lymphocyte) and binds specifically to an antigen; an immunoglobulin |
| Memory cells | Members of T cell and B cells clones that provide for immunologic memory. |
| Lymphokines | Proteins involved in cell-mediated immune response that enhance immune and inflammatory response |
| Autoimmune response | Production of antibodies or effector T cells that attack a person's own tissue |
| Thymus Gland | Endocrine gland active in immune response. |
| Plasma cells | Members of a B cell cell clone; specialized to produce and release antibodies |
| Appendix | A wormlike sac attached to the cecum of the large intestine. |
| Humoral immune response | immunity conferred by anitbodies present in blood plasma and other body fluids. |
| Vasodilation | Relaxation of smooth muscles of the blood vessels producing dilation. |
| Lymph | Protein-containing fluid transported by lymphatic vessels. |
| Clone | Descendants of a single cell. |
| Lymph node | Small lymphatic organ that filters lymph; contains macrophages and lymphocytes. |
| AIDS | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); symptoms include severe weight loss, night sweats, swollen lymph nodes, opportunistic infections. |
| Immunity | Ability of the body to resist many agents (both living & nonliving) that can cause disease; resistance to disease |
| Helper T cell | Type of T lymphocyte taht orchestrates cellular immunity by direct contact with other immune cells and by releasing chemicals called lymphokines; also helps to mediate teh humoral response by interacting with B cells. |
| Phagocyte | A cell capable of engulfing and digesting particles of cells harmful to the body. |
| Pathogen | harmful or disease-causing microorganism. |
| Passive immunity | short-lived immunity resulting from the introduction of "borrowed antibodies" obtained from an immune animal or human donor; immunological memory is not established. |
| Clonal selection | Process during which a B cell or T cell becomes sensitized through binding contact with an antigen. |
| Suppressor T cells | Regulatory T lymphocytes that suppress the immune response. |
| Complement | A group of blood-borne proteins, which when activated, enhance the inflammatory and immune response and may lead to cell lysis. |
| Follicle | (1) Ovarian structure consisting of a developing egg surrounded by one or more layers of follicle cells; (2) colloid-containing structure of the thyroid gland. |
| Neutrophils | The most abundant of the white blood cells. |
| Active immunity | Immunity produced by an encounter with an antigen; provides immunologic memory. |
| T cells | Lymphocytes taht mediate cellular immunity; include helper, killer, supressor, and memory cells. Also called T lymphocytes |
| Immune response | Antigen-specific defense mounted by activated lymphocytes (T cells and B cells). |
| Allergy (hypersensitivity) | Overzealous immune response to an otherwise harmless antigen. |
| Preception | Formation of insoluble complexes that settle out of solution. |
| Immunodeficiency disease | Desease resulting from the deficient production or function of immune cells or certain molecules (complement, antibodies, and so on) required for normal immunity. |
| Atrium | A chamber of the heart receiving blood from the veins. |
| Cardiovascular system | Organ system which distributes the blood to delivers nutrients and removes wastes. |
| Aorta | Major systemic artery; arise from the left ventricle of the heart. |
| Systole | Period when either the ventricles or the atria are contracting. |
| Cardiac Output | Amount of blood pump out of a ventricle in one minute. |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure. |
| Cardiac Cycle | Sequences of events encompassing one complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles of the heart. |
| Congestive Heart Failure | Condition in which the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that circulation is inadequate to meet tissues needs. |
| Endocardium | Endothelial membrane that lines the interior of the heart. |
| Hypotension | Low blood pressure. |
| Peripheral Resistance | A measure of the amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows through the blood vessels. |
| Pulse | Rhythmic expansion and recoils of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt outside the body. |
| Diastole | Period of the cardiac cycle when either the ventricles or the atria are relaxing. |
| Circle of Willis | An arterial anastomosis at the base of the brain. |
| Veins | Blood vessels that returns blood towards the heart from the circulation. |
| Infarct | Region of dead; deterioration tissue resulting from a lack of blood supply. |
| Systemic Circulation | System of blood vessels that carries nutrients and oxygen - rich blood to all the body organs. |
| Semilunar Valve | Valves that prevents blood return to the ventricles after contraction. |
| Renin | Substance released by the kidneys that is involved with raising blood pressure. |
| Thorax | That portion of the body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck. |
| Pressoreceptor | A nerve ending in the wall of the carotid sinus and aortic arch sensitive to vessel stretching. |
| Arterioles | A minute artery. |
| Tachycardia | A heart rate over 100 beats per minute. |
| Myocardial Infarction | Condition characterized by dead tissue areas in the myocardium; caused by interruption of blood supply to the area. |
| Pulmonary Edema | Leakage of fluid into the air sac and tissue of the lungs. |
| Bundle Branch Block | A blocking of heart action resulting from damage to one of the bundle branches; delayed contraction of one ventricle. |
| Pericardium | Doubled - layered serosa enclosing the heart and forming a superficial layer. |
| Tunica | A covering or tissue coat; membrane layer. |
| Palpation | Examination by touch. |
| Pulmonary | Pertaining to the lungs. |
| Capillaries | The smallest of the blood vessels and the sites of exchange between the blood and tissue cells. |
| Stroke Volume | Amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle during one contraction. |
| Purkinje Fiber | Modified cardiac muscle fiber of the conduction system of the heart. |
| Hepatic portal circulation | Circulation in which the hepatic portal vein carries dissolved nutrients to the liver tissues for processing. |
| Sinoatrial Node | Specialized myocardial cells in the wall of the atrium; pacemaker of the heart. |
| Pulmonary Circulation | System of blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange. |
| Systolic Pressure | Pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessels walls during ventricular contraction. |
| Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve | The left atrioventricular valve. |
| Myocardium | Layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle. |
| Atherosclerosis | Changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls; the early stages of arteriosclerosis. |
| Peroneal | Pertaining to the lateral aspects of the legs. |
| Venules | A small vein. |
| Bradycardia | A heart rate below 60 beats per minute. |
| Vasoconstriction | Narrowing of blood vessels. |
| Arteries | Vessels that carry blood away from the heart. |
| Thrombophlebitis | An inflammation of a vein associated with blood clot formation. |
| Angina Pectoris | Severe suffocating chest pain caused by brief lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle. |
| Heart Block | Impaired transmission of impulses from the atrium to the ventricles resulting in dysrhythmia. |
| Fibrillation | Conditioned of rapid and irregular or out - of - phase heart contraction. |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells. |
| Coagulation | Process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel; blood clotting. |
| Hemophilia | A term loosely applied to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that exhibit similar signs and symptoms |
| Basophil | White blood cell whose granules stain deep blue with basic dye; has a relatively pale nucleus. |
| Fibrin | Fibrous insoluble protein formed during blood clotting. |
| Hemoglobin | Oxygen-transporting component of erythrocytes. |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver. |
| Albumin | The most abundant plasma protein. |
| Thrombus | A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel. |
| Polycythemia | An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes. |
| Embolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus (blood clot, fatty mass, bubble of air, or other debris) floating in the blood. |
| Plasma | The nonliving fluid component of blood within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended and circulated. |
| Neutrophil | Most abundant type of white blood cell. |
| Leukemia | Refers to a group of cancerous conditions of white blood cells. |
| Hematopoiesis | Blood cell formation; hemopoiesis. |
| Fibrinogen | A blood protein that is converted to fibrin during blood clotting. |
| Agglutination | Clumping of (foreign) cells; induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes. |
| Monocyte | Large single-nucleus white blood cell; agranular leukocyte. |
| Agglutinins | Antibodies in blood plasma that cause clumping of corpuscles or bacteria. |
| Platelet | Cell fragment found in blood; involved in clotting. |
| Neutrophilis | The most abundant of the white blood cells. |
| Hemocytoblast | Bone marrow cell that gives rise to all the formed elements of blood. |
| Anemia | Reduced oxygen-carrying ability of blood resulting from too few erythrocytes or abnormal hemoglobin. |
| Lymphocyte | Agranular white blood cell that arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body. |
| Hematocrit | The percentage of erythrocytes to toal blood volume. |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells; formed elements involved in body protection that take part in inflammatory and immune responses. |
| Formed Elements | Cellular portion of blood. |
| Eosinophil | Granular white blood cell whose granules readily take up a stain called eosin. |
| Diapedesis | Passage of blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue. |
| Epimysium | Sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle. |
| Myosin | One of the principal contractile proteins found in muscle. |
| Fascicle | Bundle of nerve or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissues. |
| Skeletal Muscle | Muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body's skeleton; voluntary muscle. |
| Muscle Twitch | The response of a muscle to a single brief threshold stimulus. |
| Striated Muscle | Muscle consisting of cross-striated (cross-striped) muscle fibers; includes cardiac and skeletal muscle. |
| Prime Mover | Muscle that bears the major responsibility for effecting a particular movement; an agonist. |
| Endomysium | Thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell. |
| Muscle Tone | Sustained partial contraction of a muscle in response to stretch receptor inputs; keeps the muscle healthy and ready to act. |
| Aerobic Respiration | Respiration in which oxygen is consumed and glucose is broken down entirely; water, carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP are the final products. |
| Fixator | Muscle that immobilizes one or more bones, allowing other muscles to act from a stable base. |
| Pronation | Inward rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna; palms face posteriorly. |
| Muscular Dystrophy | A group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases. |
| Biceps | Two-headed, especially applied to certain muscles. |
| Supination | The outward rotation of the forearm causing palms to face anteriorly. |
| Aponeurosis | Fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves. |
| Perimysium | Connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscle fibers. |
| Extension | Movement that increases the angle of a joint, e.g., straightening a flexed knee. |
| Graded Response | A response that varies directly with the strength of the stimulus. |
| Lactic Acid | Product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle. |
| Anaerobic | Not requiring oxygen. |
| Supine | Refers to a body lying with the face upward. |
| Aerobic | Oxygen-requiring. |
| Oxygen | An abundant and widely distributed chemical element essential to animal and plant life. |
| Skeletal System | System of protection and support composed primarily of bone and cartilage. |
| Synaptic Cleft | Fluid-filled space at a synapse. |
| Cardiac Muscle | Specialized muscle of the heart. |
| Actin | A contractile protein of muscle. |
| Origin | Attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction. |
| Motor Unit | A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates. |
| Neurotransmitter | Chemical released by neurons tha may, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit them. |
| Steroids | Group of chemical substances including ceratin hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen. |
| Abduct | To move away from the midline of the body. |
| Muscle Fiber | A muscle cell. |
| Isometric | Of the same length. |
| Myofilament | Filament that constitutes myofibrils. Of two types; actin and myosin. |
| Tetanus | (1) A smooth, sustained muscle contraction resluting from high-frequency stimulation; (2) an infectious disease caused by an anaerobic bacterium. |
| Plantar | Pertaining to the sole of the foot. |
| Myofibril | Rodlike bundle of contractile filaments (myofilaments) found in muscle cells. |
| Smooth Muscle | Spindle shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus and no externally visible striations (bands). Found maily in the walls of hollow organs. |
| Voluntary Muscle | Muscle under control of the will; skeletal muscle. |
| Neuromuscular Junction | Region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell. |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | Chemical transmitter substance released by some nerve endings. |
| Tendon | Cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone. |
| Insertion | Movable attachment of a muscle. |
| Isotonic | Having a uniform tension; of the same tone. |
| Flaccid | Soft; flabby; relaxed. |
| Synergist | Muscle that aids the action of a prime mover by effecting the same movement or by stabilizing joints across which the prime mover acts to prevent undesirable movements. |
| Antagonist | Muscle that reverses, or opposes, the action of another muscle. |
| Hamstring Muscles | The posterior thigh muscles: the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus. |
| Adduct | To move toward the midline of the body. |
| Action Potential | A large transient depolarization event, inlucing polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve fiber. |
| Flexion | Movement that decreases the angle of the joint, e.g. bending the knee from a straight to an angled position. |
| Sarcomere | The smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next. |
| Cartilaginous joint | Bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity is present. |
| Epiphysis | The end of a long bone, attached to the shaft. |
| Pectoral | Pertaining to the chest. |
| Arthritis | Inflammation of the joints. |
| Pectoral (shoulder) gridle | Bones that attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton; includes the clavicle and scapula. |
| Synarthrosis | Immovable joint. |
| Osten | System of interconnecting canals microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone; also called the Haversian system. |
| Acromion | The outer projection of the spine of scapula; the highest point of the shoulder. |
| Skull | Bony protective encasement of the brain and the organs of hearing equilibrium; includes the facial bones. Also called the cranium. |
| Fontanels | Fibrous membranes at the angles of cranial bones that accommodate brain growth in the fetus and infant. |
| Reduction | Chemical reaction in which electrons and energy are gained by molecule (often accompanied by gain of hydrogen ions) or oxygen is lost. |
| Amphiarthrosis | A slightly movable joint. |
| Metatarsal | One of the five bones between the tarsus and the phalanges of the foot. |
| Diarthrosis | Freely movable joints. |
| Articulation (joint) | The junction of two or more bones. |
| Palpation | Examination by touch. |
| Tendon | Cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone. |
| Osteoclast | Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix. |
| Acetabulum | Cuplike cavity on lateral surface of the hip bone that recieves the femur. |
| Metacarpal | One of the five bones of the palm of the hand. |
| Articular capsule | Double-layered capsule composed of an outer fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane; encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint. |
| Hyaline | Glassy; Transparent. |
| Phalanges | The bone of the finger or toe. |
| Atlas | The 1st cervical vertebra; articulates with the occipital bone of the skull and the 2nd cervical vertebra (axis). |
| Sacral | The lower portion of the back, just superior to the buttocks. |
| Osteocyte | Mature bone cell. |
| Intervertebral discs | Discs of fibrocartilage between vertebrea. |
| Appendicular skeleton | Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to axial skeleton. |
| Fibrous joint | Bones joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity is present. |
| Shoulder girdle | Composite of two bones, scapula and clavicle, that attach the upper limb to the axial skeleton; also called pectoral girdle. |
| Osteoblast | Bone-forming cells. |
| Suture | An immovable fibrous joint; with one exception, all bones of the skull are united by sutures. |
| Pelvis | (1) Basin-Shaped bony structure composed of the pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx. (2) Expanded proximal portion of the ureter with in the kidney. |
| Joint (articulation) | The junction of two or more bones. |
| Pelvic girdle (hip girdle) | Consist of the paired coxal bones that attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. |
| Lacrimal | Pertaining to tears. |
| Axial skeleton | The bones of the skull. Vertebral column, thorax and sternum. |
| Haversian system | System of interconnecting canals microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone; see Osteon. |
| Synovial joint | Freely movable joint exhibiting a joint cavity; also called a diathrosis. |
| Canaliculus | Extremely small tubular passage of channel. |
| Bony thorax (thoracic cage) | Bones that form the framework of the thorax; includes sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrea. |
| Vertebral column (spine) | Formed of a number of individual bones called vertebrea and two composite bones (sacrum and coccyx). |
| Diaphysis | Elongated shaft of a long bone. |
| Periosteum | Double layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes of the bone. |
| Lacunea | A small space, cavity, or depression; lacunea in bone cartilage are accupied by cells. |
| Osteoporosis | Increased softening of the bone resulting from gradual decrease in rate of bone formation. |
| Foremen | Hole or opening in a bone or between body cavities. |
| Axis | (1) the 2nd cervical vertebra; has a vertical projection called the dens around which the atlas rotates; (2) the imaginary line about which a joint or structure revolves. |
| Exocrine Glands | Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to particular site. |
| Cutaneus membrane | The skin: composed of epidermal and dermal layers. |
| Acne | Inflammatory disease of the skin: infection of the sebaceous glands. |
| Dermis | Layer of skin deep to the epedermis: composed of dense irregular tissue. |
| Sebaceous glands (oil glands) | Epidermal glands that produce an oily secrection called sebum. |
| Allergy (hepersensitivity) | Overzealous immune response to an otherwise harmelss antigen. |
| Ulcer | Lesions or erosion of the mucous membrane such as gastric ulcer of the stomach. |
| Stratum | A layer. |
| Sudoriferous gland | Epidermal gland that produces sweat. |
| Malignant | life threatening: Pertaining to neoplasms that spread and lead to death, such as cancer. |
| Sebum | Oily secretion of sebaceous glands. |
| Peritoneum | Serous membrane lining the interior of the abdominal cavity covering the surfaces of abdominal organs. |
| Epidermis | Superficial layer of the skin: composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. |
| Mucous membrane | Membranes that form the lining of body cavities open to the exterior (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. |
| Articular capsule | Double-layered capsule composed of an outer fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane: enclose the joint cavity of synovial joint. |
| Dermatitis | An inflammation of the skin: nonspecific skin allergies. |
| Sweat Glands | See Sudorigerous gland. |
| Integumentary system | Skin and its derivatives: provides the external protective covering of the body. |
| Serous membrane | Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body (except for joint cavities): serosa. |
| Apocrine gland | The less numerous type of sweat gland: produces a secretion containing water, salts, protein, and fatty acids. |
| Pleura | Two-layered serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the external surface of the lung. |
| Synovial membrane | Membrane that lines the capsule of a synovial joint. |
| Serous fluid | clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane. |
| Keratin | Water-soluble protein found in the epidermis, hair, and nails that makes those structures hard and water-repellent: precursor is the keratohyalin. |
| Melanocyte | A cell that produces melinin. |
| Squamous | (1) flat, scalelike: (2) pertaining to flat, thin cells that form the free surface of some epithelial tissues. |
| Malanin | Dark pigment formed by cells called melancytes: imparts color to skin and hair. |
| Arrector pili | Tiny, smooth muscle attached to hair follicles: cause of hair to stand upright when activated. |
| Mucus | A sticky, thick fluid secreted by mucous glands and mucous membranes: Keeps the free surface of membranes moist. |
| Subcutaneous | Beneath the skin. |
| Electrolytes | Chemical substances, such as salts, acids, and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current. |
| Epithelium (epithelial tissue) | Pertaining to a primary tissue that covers the body surface, lines its internal cavities, and forms glands. |
| Atrophy | Reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use. |
| Flagellum | Long, whiplike extension of the plasma membrane of some bacteria and a sperm; propel the cell. |
| Cancer | A malignant, invasive cellular neoplasm that has the capability of spreading throughout the body or body parts. |
| Neoplasm | An abnormal mass of proliferating cells; benign ________s remain localized; malignant ________s are cancers, which can spread to other organs. |
| Hypnotonic | Below normal tone or tension. |
| Hyaline | Glassy; transparent. |
| Goblet Cells | Individuals cells (unicellular glands) that produce mucus. |
| Edema | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in body parts or tissues; causes swelling. |
| Muscle Fiber | A muscle cell. |
| Lamina | (1) A thin layer or flat plate: (2) the portion of a vertebra between the transverse process and the spinous process. |
| Extracellular Matrix | Nonliving material that seperates the living cells in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers. |
| Microvilli | Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption. |
| Crenation | The shriveling of a cell, for example an erythrocyte, resulting from loss of water. |
| Amino Acid | Organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building block of protein. |
| Pressure Gradient | Difference in hydrostatic pressure that drives filtration. |
| Metastasis | The spread of cancer from one body part or organ into another not directly connected to it. |
| Passive Transport | Membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy (ATP), e.g., diffusion, which is driven by kinectic energy. |
| Plasma Membrane | Membrane, composed of three lamina layers, that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane. |
| Intracellular Fluid | Fluid within a cell. |
| Pinocytosis | Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells. |
| Phagocytosis | Engulfing of foreign solids by (phagocytic) cells. |
| Chromosomes | Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division. |
| Ribosomes | Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized. |
| Carcinogen | Cancer-causing agent. |
| Gene | One of the biological units of heredity located in chromatin; transmits hereditary information. |
| Active Transport | Membrane transport processes for which ATP is provided, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis. |
| Cytokinesis | The division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided. |
| Chromatin | Structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors (genes). |
| Nucleoli | Dense spherical bodies in the cell nucleus involved with ribosomal subunit synthesis and storage. |
| Centriole | Minute body found near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division. |
| Adipose | Fatty. |
| Nucleus | Control center of a cell; contains genetic material. |
| Mitochondria | Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities. |
| Ligament | Band of regular fibrous tissue that connects bones. |
| Mitosis | Process during which the chromosomes are redistributed to two daughter nuclei; nuclear division. Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
| Lysosomes | Organelles that originate from the Golgi apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes. |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | A nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism's hereditary information. |
| Connective Tissue | A primary tissue; form and function vary extensively. Functions include support, storage, and protection. |
| Hypertonic | Excessive, above normal, tone or tension. |
| Interstitial Fluid | Fluid between the cells. |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | Nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, and U. Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis. |
| Solute | The substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Organelles | Small cellular structures (ribosomes, mitochondria, and others) that perform specific metabolic functions for the cell as a whole. |
| Sex Chromosomes | The chromosomes, X and Y, that determine genetic sex (XX = female; XY = male); the 23rd pair of chromosomes. |
| Cytoplasm | The cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane. |
| Basement Membrane | Extracellular material consisting of a basal lamina secreted by epithelial cells and a reticular lamina secreted by underlying connective tissue cells. |
| Solution | A homogenous mixture of two or more components. |
| Tendon | Cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone. |
| Diffusion | The spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distributive of particles. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one. |
| Cartilage | White, semiopaque connective tissue. |
| Organ | A part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a specific function; e.g., the stomach. |
| Cervical | Refers to the neck or the necklike portion of the organ or structure. |
| Endocrine System | Body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones. |
| Thoracic | Refers to the CHEST. |
| Frontal (coronal) section | Longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. |
| Buccal | Pertaining to the CHEEK. |
| Abdomen | Portion of the body between the diaphragm and the pelvis. |
| Tissue | A group of similar cells (and their intercellular substance) specialized to perform a specific function; primary ______ types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. |
| Axilla | ARMPIT. |
| Lymphatic System | System consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs and tissues; drains excess tissue fluid from the extracellular space and provides a site for immune surveillance. |
| Hypothalamus | Region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain. |
| Transverse (horizontal) Section | A plane running from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. |
| Organ System | A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function; e.g., the nervous system. |
| Physiology | Study of the function of living organisms. |
| Effector | Organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings. |
| Irritability | Ability to respond to a stimulus. |
| Muscular System | The organ system consisting of the skeletal muscles of the body and their connective tissue attachments. |
| Inguinal | Pertaining to the groin region. |
| Urinary System | System primarily responsible for water electrolyte, and acid-base balance and removal of nitrogenous wastes. |
| Tarsal | One of the seven bones that form the ankle and heel. |
| Brachial | Pertaining to the ARM. |
| Medial | Toward the midline of the body. |
| Homeostasis | A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body. |
| Midsagittal (median) Section | Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline. |
| Cranial | Pertaining to the SKULL. |
| Skeletal System | System of the protection and support composed primarily of bone and cartilage. |
| Anterior | The front of an organism, organ, or part; the ventral surface. |
| Negative Feedback Mechanisms | The most common of homeostatic control mechanisms. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. |
| Excretion | Elimination of waste products from the body. |
| Distal | Away from the attached end of a limb or the origin of a structure. |
| Organism | The living animal (or plant), which represents the sum total of all its organ systems working together to maintain life. |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body. |
| Ventral | Pertaining to the front; anterior. |
| Atom | The smallest part of an element; indivisible by ordinary chemical means. |
| Proximal | Toward the attached end of a limb or the origin of a structure. |
| Receptor | (1) A cell or nerve ending of a sensory neuron specialized to respond to particular types of stimuli. (2) Molecule that binds specifically with other molecules e.g., neurotransmitters, hormones, antigens. |
| Positive Feedback Mechanisms | Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change. |
| Carpal | One of the eight bones of the WRIST. |
| Anatomy | Study of the structure of living organisms. |
| Cell | The structural and functional unit of living organims; contains a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane. |
| Gland | Organ specialized to secrete or excrete substances for further use in the body or for elimination. |
| Sagittal Section | A longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions. |
| Inferior (caudal) | Pertaining to a position near the tail end of the long axis of the body. |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The synthesis of ATP using energy given off during the electron transport phase of respiration. |
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