1.
ataxia: movement disorders
2.
basal ganglia: nuclei deep within the cerebral hemispheres and surround the thalamus-caudete nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus; involved in regulating motor function, defects in parkinson's disease; connections with the cortex
3.
cerebellar peduncles: axon tracts that connect cerebellum to brainstem; three that control body movement; large amounts of sensory input, large neurons called Purkinje fibers; 40 times more neurons send axons in than out
4.
cerebellum: only 10% of brain by size but over half the neurons in brain; connective to brainstem by cerebellar peduncles; has sensory maps of the body important for monitoring movement
5.
functions of the cerebellum: involved in fine-tuning and adjusting movement; receives inferior, middle and superior peduncles; internal region receives input from ear regarding balance, lesions here cause difficulties walking and standing
6.
huntington's disease: dominant gene disorder; lose control of muscle movements, onset in 40s or 50s because of defect in basal ganglia
7.
inferior peduncles: bring sensory information concerning the actual position from the muscles, joints and sensory organs to evaluate movement with proprioceptors
8.
insula: interoceptive awareness; "brake pedal"
9.
middle peduncle: transmit information from the cerebral cortex about the desired position
10.
nucleus accumbens: reward center; "gas pedal"
11.
reward circuit: cortex receives sensory stimulus indicating a reward; signal sent to ventral tegmental area of midbrain (VTA); VTA releases dopamine to nucleus accumbens, the amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex
12.
superior peduncle: transmit signals to correct motion from cerebellum to the mid brain; allows for smooth coordinated movements; defects lead to ataxia; allows for learning of movements
