The Mongol Conquests
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Created by:
gustavodepaulo on March 26, 2011
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56 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 steppe | a vast belt of dry grassland, stretches across eurasia |
| trade route | the steppe served as a land _____ _____ connecting the east and west |
| nomadic | the steppe was home to _______ peoples who frequently swept down on their neighbors to plunder, loot, and conquer |
| western steppe | runs from central asia to eastern europe. original home of the hittites. |
| eastern steppe | covers the area of present day mongolia, first home of the huns, turks, and mongols |
| rain | very little ____ falls on the steppe, but the dry, windswept plain supports short, hardy grasses. |
| dramatic | seasonal temperature changes on the steppe can be _________. they go from -57 in the winter, to 96 in the summer. |
| west, south | because more rain falls in these areas and the climate is milder here, movements of people have historically tended to be toward the ____ and the _____ of the steppe. |
| pastoralists | nomadic people who herded domesticated animals. constantly on the move, searching for good pasture to feed their herds. they didn't wander. |
| seasonal | pastoralists followed a familiar ________ pattern and returned on a regular basis to the same campsites. |
| battles | ________ frequently arose among nomadic groups over grassland and waterland rights |
| horseback | asian nomads practically lived on __________ as they followed their huge herds over the steppe |
| yurts | asian nomads depended on their animals for everything, and they lived in portable felt tents called _____ |
| clans | steppe nomads traveled together in kinship groups called _____. the members of each of these claimed to be descended from a common ancestor. |
| enemy | different clans sometimes came together when they needed a large force to attack a common ______ or raid their settled neighbors |
| interaction | the differing ways of life of nomadic and settled peoples resulted in constant ___________ between them. often they engaged in peaceful trade |
| scarcity, hardship | nomads were accustomed to _________ and ________. they prided themselves on toughness |
| force | nomads were sometimes tempted by the rich land and relative wealth of townspeople and took what they wanted by ______. as a result, settled peoples lived in a constant fear of raids. |
| invade | time and time again in history, nomadic peoples rode out of the steppe to ______ border towns and villages. |
| protect | when a state or empire was strong and organized, it could ________ its frontier. if the state or empire became divided and weak, the nomads could increase their attacks and gain more plunder |
| rulers | occasionally, a powerful nomadic group was able to conquer a whole empire and become its ______. over generations, these nomadic rulers often became part of the civilization they conquered. |
| temujin | around 1200, a mongol clan leader named _______ sought to unify the mongols under his leadership. he fought and defeated rivals one by one. |
| genghis khan | in 1206 temujin accepted the title _______ ____ or "universal ruler" of the mongol clans |
| china | khan's first goal was _____. after invading the northern jin empire, however, his attention turned to the islamic region west of ________ |
| terror | genghis was angered by the murder of mongol traders and an ambassador at the hands of the muslims, so he launched a campaign of ______ across central asia. |
| utrar, samarkand, bukhara | 3 cities that the mongols destroyed |
| mongol | by 1225, central asia was under ______ control |
| organizer | genghis khan was a brilliant _________. he assembled his mongol warriors into a mighty fighting force. following the model of the chinese military, genghis grouped his warriors in armies of 10,000. these were then organized into 1000 man brigades, 100 man companies, and 10 man squads. |
| battle proven | genghis put his most ______ ______ and loyal men in command of the units. |
| strategist | genghis was a gifted __________. he used various tricks to confuse his enemy |
| cruelty | genghis khan used ________ as a weapon. he believed in terrifying his enemies into surrender. |
| kill | if a city refused to open its gates to genghis khan, he might ____ the entire population when he finally captured the place. |
| ahead | the terror that the mongols inspired spread _____ of their armies, which led many towns to surrender without a fight. |
| illness | genghis died in 1227 not from violence, but from _______. his successors continued to expand his empire |
| china, poland | the mongols conquered territory from ______ to ______. in doing so, they created the largest unified land empire in history. |
| sons, grandsons | after genghis's death, his ____ and _________ continued the campaign of conquest. |
| china, korea | genghis's sons and grandsons completed their conquest of northern _____ and invaded _____ |
| kiev, adriatic | genghis's sons and grandsons leveled ____ and reached the banks of the ________ sea. |
| persia | in the 1250s the mongols halted their westward campaign and turned their attention to ______ |
| khanate of the great khan | khanate in china and mongolia |
| khanate of chagatai | khanate in central asia |
| ilkhanate | khanate in persia |
| khanate of the golden horde | khanate in russia |
| china, mongolia | the khanate of the great khan was in _____ and _________ |
| central asia | the khanate of chagatai was in _______ ____ |
| persia | the ilkhanate was in ______ |
| russia | the khanate of the golden horde was in ______ |
| irrigation | the mongols destroyed ancient ___________ systems in areas such as the tigres and euphrates valleys. thus, the land could no longer support resettlement |
| tolerant | while ferocious in war, the mongols were quite ________ in peace. they rarely imposed their beliefs or way of life on those they conquered. |
| adopted | over time, some mongol rulers even _________ aspects of the culture of the people they ruled. |
| muslims | the ilkhans and the golden horde became ________ |
| pax mongolica | from the mid 1200s to the mid 1300s, the mongols imposed stability and law and order across much of eurasia. this period is sometimes called the ___ _________ |
| mongol peace | pax mongolica |
| safe passage | the mongols guaranteed ____ _______ for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of the empire to another. |
| trade | _____ between europe and asia had never been more active than during the pax mongolica. ideas and inventions traveled along with the trade goods. |
| bubonic plague | some historians speculate that the epidemic of ________ _______ that devastated europe during the 1300s was first spread by the mongols. |
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