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Psychotherapy the use psychological techniques and the therapist-client relationship to produce emotional, cognitive, and behavior change. 80% What percentage of people with a diagnosable mental disorder have not received treatment in the past year. Biological Paradigm Draws an analogy with physical illness. Focus on diagnosis. Consider genetic predisposition or chemical imbalance Recommend medication Psychodynamic Paradigm Likely to focus on the defensive style. Develop the client's insight. Expect changes as a result of increased emotional awareness. Cognitive Behavior Therapy Focus on cognitive behavioral patterns Therapist is directive Identify cognitive distortions Assign homework Change behaviors Humanistic Paradigm Likely to focus on lack of emotional genuineness Therapist is nondirective Encourage the client to own her feelings Biological What treatments focus on symptoms alleviated? Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Developed by Lucio Bini and Ugo Cerletti in 1938; Involves causing seizures by passing electricity through the brain. Bilateral more effective ECT, more memory loss Unilateral less effective ECT, less memory loss Psychosurgery Developed by Egas Moniz in 1935; Surgical destruction of specific regions of the brain Cingulotomy used to treat very severe of OCD. Psychotherapy Nearly 10,000-20,000 procedures were done in the United States. Walter Freeman performed almost 3,000 lobotomies, often severing the frontal lobes by knocking an instrument through the back of the eye socket. Psychopharmacology The use of medications to treat psychological disturbances 11%; 5% ___ of American women and__ of men are taking antidepressants. Prozac What's the name of a drug that was the first of a new generation of antidepressants called SSRI's, has been taken by more than 40 million worldwide. Free association reveals aspects of the unconscious mind. psychoanalysis (psycodynamic psychotherapy) Which therapy uses free associations, dreams, and slips of the tongue-Freudian slips- are "windows into the unconscious" Insight; Interpretation; Tranference What are the 3 techniques used in psychoanalysis Freud Who came up with psychoanalysis? Psychodynamic Which type of therapists are more directive and engaged, and treatment may be brief. John B. Watson Who can the beginnings of CBT can be traced back to? John Wolpe Who can up with Systematic Desensitization? Aversion Thereapy The use of classical conditioning to create, not eliminate, an unpleasant response. Systematic Desensitization Technique for eliminating fears that has three key elements: progressive muscle relaxation, hierachy of fears, and learning process Contingency Management Operant conditioning technique that changes rewards and punishment for identified behviors. Social Skills Training Teaches client new ways of behaving that are both desirable and likely to be rewarded in everyday life. Assertiveness Training goal is to teach clients to be direct about their feelings and wishes. Social problem-solving multistep process that has been used to teach children ad adults waus to go about solving a variety of life's problems. Aaron Beck Who said that depression is caused by errors in thinking Beck's Cognitive Therapy What therapy challenges cognitive errors by having clients analyze their thought more carefully Rational-Emotive Therapy Emotional disorders are caused by irrational beliefs. Absolute, unrealistic views of the world Albert Ellis Who came up with the Rational-Emotion Therapy? Challenge client's beliefs during the therapy. What is a major difference from CBT and Rational Emotion Thereapy by Albert Ellis Dialectical behavior therapy; Acceptance and commitment therapy Two therapies in the "Third Wave" "3rd wave" CBT treatments focus on broad, abstract principles such as acceptance, mindfulness, values, and relationships Humanistic Therapies Developed as a "third force" in psychotherapy Humanistic Therapies Values humans' ability to make choices and being responsible for one's own life Humanistic Therapies Encourages people to recognize and experience their true feelings(more concerned with HOW people are feeling than WHY) Humanistic Thereapies Views the therapist-client relationship as THE method of change; relationship is the treatment meta-analysis A statistical procedure that allow researcher to combine the results from different studies in a standardize way. .85 Standard deviation of people that benefited from psychotherapy Placebo Effect Any type of treatment that contains no known active ingredient for the condition at hand. Early When does most improvement occur in psychotherapy according to Consumer Reports? Couples Therapy The goal is to improve the relationship, not to treat the individual. Couples Therapy Can be used for treatment of depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and child behavior problems. Family Therapy Goals to improve communication, negotiate conflicts, and perhaps change family relationships and roles. Family Systems Therapy Emphasize interdependence among family members and the importance of viewing the individual within the family system. Group Therapies Involves treating several people facing similar emotional problems or life issues. Carl Rogers Who viewed three qualities as essential in a therapist: Warmth; Genuineness; Empathy- emotional understanding Unconditional Positive Regard Valuing clients for who they are and not judging them Primary What prevention tries to improve the environment in order to prevent new cases of a mental disorder from developing Secondary What prevention focuses on the early detection of emotional problems in the hope of prevention them from becoming more serious and difficult to treat Tertiary What prevention has intervention occurs after the illness has been identified