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What are examples of breeding strategies? selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, mutagenesis Selective Breeding hand picking parents of next generation to help increase the likelihood of desired traits in offspring hybridization "best of both worlds" breeding unlike parents in hopes of getting most favorable traits from both parents to combine in offspring what is an example of hybridization? plants with disease resistance and plants with increased food production inbreeding breeding closely related organisms to insure certain traits in offspring, done in dogs What are the risks associated with inbreeding? more recessive diseases expressed mutagenesis purposefully inducing mutations through exposure to mutagens to try to get a favorable mutation to happen, done with bacteria What has mutagenesis created? bacteria that digest oil to help clean up oil spills (bioremediation) Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequence of DNA Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size, creates a DNA fingerprint-banding pattern Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplifies small sections of DNA for lab use DNA sequencing? process used to determine exact order of bases in DNA Recombinant DNA combining the DNA from 2 different organisms with the aid of restriction enzymes What does recombinant DNA often use as hosts? Plasmids Why do they use plasmids as hosts? fast reproduction rate What is the purpose of Recombinant DNA? to make multiple copies of a particular gene or to make large quantities of a particular substance coded for by the inserted gene Why must you use the same restriction enzyme to cut both plasmid and to remove the "desired gene"? so that the "sticky ends" match up transgenic organisms organisms that contain foreign genes transgenic microorganisms bacteria/viruses ex: bacteria that make human insulin, growth hormones transgenic animals growth hormone into fish, "glow in the dark" monkey, mice with human immune system transgenic plants tomatoes that are frost resistant, plants that are disease resistant, "golden rice" GM foods estimated 70% of processed foods have been genetically modified in some way, our country doesn't require labeling Cloning creates genetically identical organisms What is an example of cloning dolly 1996 what technique was used to make dolly nuclear transfer technique nuclear transfer technique nucleus from somatic cell from organism "A" transplanted into "empty" egg cell from organism "B"-implanted into uterus of organism "C" What is the purpose of gene therapy? to deliver healthy copies of genes that are defective in people born with a genetic disorder What does gene therapy often use as vectors? viruses what are current studies working on treating? hemophilia and CF (moderated success to date, but research continues) Who discovered DNA fingerprinting? Alec Jefferies (England) in 1984 when was the first commercial DNA fingerprinting lab? 1987 The use of similar techniques were originally used to look for what? markers for certain genetic disorders What principle does it work on? That everyone has different amounts of "junk" DNA (introns) where can samples be taken from? blood, skin, hair follicle, sperm... when is DNA fingerprinting used? crime scenes (murders, rapes), paternity cases, identifying remains, evolutionary relationships, helping endangered species (don't breed closely related organisms) Human Genome Project 1987-2003:NIH and Celera sequenced the 3 billion base pairs of human genome What are the next steps for the human genome project? decoding what proteins, and in turn genes, each sequence produces, helps identify faulty genes, diseases Thanks to human genome, what do we know now? the human genome contains about 25,000 to 30,000 genes What are the two types of stem cell research? embryonic and adult What does embryonic stem cell research do? take stem cells from blastocyst (5-7 days after conception) the stem cells are pluripotent What does it mean when stem cells are pluripotent? they can become any of the specialized cells in the body Why is embryonic stem cell research controversial? due to the fact that harvesting the stem cells destroys the embryo Adult stem cell research some success, but not pluripotent What are examples of Adult stem cell research? bone marrow can give rise to blood cells, both not other types of cells Why is adult stem cell research less controversial? can be taken from an adult without harm plasmid small, circular DNA molecule found in most bacteria restriction site the specific sequence of DNA bases recognized by a specific restriction enzyme "R" gene stands for "resistance" gene; enables the bacterium to be resistant to a particular antibiotic "Rep" site stands for "replication" site; allows the plasmid to replicate within the bacterium DNA ligase an enzyme used to join the DNA fragments sticky ends the "staggered cuts" which result from the action of some restriction enzymes; they are actually a short segment of singled stranded DNA