1.
2 broad etiologies of diastolic heart failure: impaired relaxation, impaired filling
2.
4 broad etiologies of systolic heart failure: volume overload, pressure overload, loss of muscle, loss of contractility
3.
ACC/AHA stage A: patients have no identified abnormalities of the heart and have never shown signs or sx of HF
4.
ACC/AHA stage A examples: CAD, hypertension, diabetes, alcohol abuse
5.
ACC/AHA stage B: Patients who have developed structural heart disease but never shows any signs or sx of HF
6.
ACC/AHA stage B examples: LVH, previous MI
7.
ACC/AHA stage C: Patients who have current or prior symptoms of heart failure with underlying structural disease
8.
ACC/AHA stage C examples: symptoms due to L VSD
9.
ACC/AHA stage D: Patients with advanced structural disease and marked sx of HF at rest.
10.
ACC/AHA stage D examples: patients awaiting heart transplant, patients in hospice setting for management of HF
11.
As preload increases, stroke volume and cardiac output _____.: increases
12.
BNP can be used to distinguish heart failure symptoms from ____ and ____.: COPD exacerbations, pneumonia
13.
BNP levels are considered elevated above _____.: 100 pg/mL
14.
Diastolic dysfunction complications: arrhythmias
15.
Diastolic dysfunction exacerbation etiologies: lack of compliance, uncontrolled hypertension, arrhythmias, emotional stress, MI, environmental factors, inadequate therapy, inappropriate meds
16.
Diastolic dysfunction is defined as and ejection fraction ______ and _______.: > 40%, heart failure symptoms
17.
Ejection fraction is the percent of _______ volume that is ejected during systole: left ventricular end-diastolic
18.
Hormone released from ventricles in response to ventricular stretch: BNP
19.
If symptoms are a product of fluid accumulating in the lungs, which side is the failure on?: left sided failure
20.
If symptoms are a product of fluid accumulating in the peripheral tissues which side is the failure on?: right sided failure
21.
Impaired cardiac output secondary to impaired myocardial contractility: systolic dysfunction
22.
impaired filling etiologies: mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis
23.
impaired relaxation and filling of the left ventricle: diastolic function
24.
impaired relaxation etiologies: hypertension with LVH, IHD, constrictive pericarditis, pericardial tamponade
25.
Increase in total blood volume will _____ preload.: increase
26.
Left ventricular dysfunction signs: bibasilar rales, PE, Sāgallop, pleural effusion, Cheyne-Stokes respiration
27.
Left Ventricular dysfunction symptoms: DOE, orthopnea, tachypnea, cough, hemoptysis, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
28.
Loss of contractility etiologies: cardiomyopathy
29.
Loss of muscle etiologies: myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, SLE
30.
NYHA classification is primarily based on ____ whereas ACC/AHA is based on ___ of heart failure.: functional capacity, structural progression
31.
NYHA functional class I: ordinary physical activity does NOT cause undue fatigue, dyspnea, or plapitation
32.
NYHA functional class II: able to walk one flight of stairs or one block without fatigue
33.
NYHA functional class III: unable to walk one flight of stairs or one block without fatigue
34.
NYHA functional class IV: Symptoms of congestive heart failure are present even at rest. Increased discomfort is experienced with any physical activity.
35.
Preload is aka: left-ventricular end-diastolic volume
36.
Pressure overload etiologies: systemic hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, aortic stenosis
37.
Right ventricular dysfunction signs: peripheral edema, JVD, hepatojugular reflex, hepatomegaly
38.
Right ventricular dysfunction symptoms: abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea, bloating, constipation, ascites
39.
stroke volume =: end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
40.
stroke volume is dependent on what three things?: preload, contractility, afterload
41.
Systolic dysfunction is defined as an ejection fraction ________: < 40%
42.
Volume overload etiologies: mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation, anemia, hyperthyroidism
43.
What curve describes the relationshiph between preload and stroke volume on cardiac output?: Frank-Starling
44.
What law deals with tension?: Law of Laplace
