Ch. 20: Intro to Animal Tissues and HBS
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46 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anatomy | study of an organism's structures (arrangement of muscles, # of setae, etc) |
| phsiology | study of the functions of an organism's structures (how muscles function or how setae are produced) |
| tissue | integrated group of similar cells that perform a specific function |
| organ | two or more types of tissues, together perform a specific task |
| organ system | multiple organs, together perform a vital body function |
| epithelium | a.k.a. epithelial tissue sheets of tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces and lie internal organs and cavities. named by # cell layers and shape of cells @ free surface |
| basement membrane | anchors epithelium to underlying tissue; dense mat of extracellular matrix consisting of fibrous proteins and sticky polysaccharides. |
| simple squamous epithelium | lines capillaries and air sacs of lungs. thin tissue (only 1 layer) allows exchange of materials by diffusion |
| stratified squamous epithelium | its many layers allows it to line surfaces subject to abrasion, like the esophagus and epidermis |
| cuboidal/columnar epithelium | lines glands, digestive tract and respiratory tube. forms glandular epithelium (secretion and absorption of chemicals) also forms mucus membrane (secretes slimy solution, mucus, which lubricates, moistens, and protects surfaces) |
| gland | does secretion |
| capillary | microscopic blood vessel that carries blood between an artery and a vein, allowing the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid |
| connective tissue | sparse cells scattered through an extracellular matrix which they produce |
| loose connective tissue | most common; holds skin to uderlying muscles; holds other tissues and organs in place (binding and packing); loose weave of collagen fibers-->strong but elastic |
| tendons | muscle to bone |
| ligament | bone to bone |
| fibrous connective tissue | In tendons and ligaments. densely packed parallel budles of collagen-->non elastic strength |
| adipose (connective tissue) | cells that store fat, (insulates and pads body, stores energy) |
| cartilage (connective tissue) | strong, flexable skeletal material (layers of collagen fibers w/ rubbery stuff) that acts as shock-absorber. @ ends of bones, supports nose and ears, cushioning disks btwn vertebrae |
| bone (connective tissue) | collagen fibers in calcium salts (calcium keeps bones strong, not brittle) found in compact bone (skeleton) |
| blood (connective tissue) | made up of plasma (liquid extracellular matrix), RBC's, and WBC's. transports substances and nutriens throughout body. |
| collagen | a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom |
| muscle | long bundles of cells (called muscle fibers, not cells) arranged in parallel bands which contract when stimulated |
| skeletal muscle | muscle that does voluntary movements, attached to bones by the tendons |
| cardiac muscle | striated, branched found in the contractile tissue of the heart. Does the heartbeat (involuntary) |
| smooth muscle | in the walls of internal organs. non striated for slow but long contractions (does involuntary movement). |
| nervous tissue | groups of cells which sense stimuli and transmit information: functional unit is the neuron |
| neuron | nerve cell, conducts electrical nerve impulses through cell extensions (axons and dendrites) |
| dendrites | transmit signals to neuron cell body (receiver) |
| axon | transmits signal away from cell body (sender) |
| digestive system | ingests and breaks down food into smaller chemical units to be used as fuel for cellular respiration; eliminates undigested material. (mouth, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus) |
| respiratory system | exchanges gases with the environment; supplies the blood with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide (nasl cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung) |
| circulatory system | delivers nutrients and oxygen to body cells; carries CO2 to the lungs and metabolic wastes to the excratory organs, the kidnes. (heart, blood vessels) |
| immune system | defends the body against infections and cancer, includes lymphatic system. (bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels |
| lymphatic system | returns fluid that leaks from blood vesssels to the circulatory system; functions as part of immune system (lymph nodes and lymph vessels) |
| excretory system | removes nitrogen-containing waste products from the blood; regulates the chemical makeup and water balance of the blood. (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra) |
| endocrine system | secretes chemicals, called hormones, that regulate body activities such as digestion, metabolism, growth, reproduction, heart rate, and water balance (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis/ovary) |
| nervous system | coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli, integrating information, and directing the body's responses (brain, sense organs, spinal cord, nerves) |
| integumentary system | protects against mechanical injury, infection, excessive heat or cold, and drying out. (hair, skin, nails) |
| skeletal system | supports the body; protects certain internal organs, i.e. brain and lungs; provides the framework for muscles to produce movement. (bones & cartilage) |
| muscular system | skeletal muscles produce movement, maintain posture, and produce heat. |
| reproductive systems | produce gametes and sex hormones; female system provides organs to support a developing embryo and glands for producing milk. (male: prostate glands, vas deferens, urethra, penis, testis; female: oviduct, ovary, uterus, vagina) |
| interstitial fluid | internal environment of vertebrates; exchanges fluids and wastes btwn body cells and blood cells |
| homeostasis | internal balance (internal conditions' fluctuations w/in a range where life's metabolic processes can occur) |
| negative feedback | a change in a monitored variable triggers mechanisms that reverse that change. ex's: sugar regulation (insulin's role), thyroid (hyper/hypo thyroidism), body temperature |
| positive feedback | phsiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change, i.e., uterine contractions @ child birth |
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