[Wozadlo- Biology] Chapter 15: Darwin's Theory of Evolution
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jgagarin96 on March 28, 2011
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this covers natural selection, evolution, and all that boring crap.
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22 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 evolution | textbook def: change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms note-taking def: the change over time of the genetic composition of populations |
| theory | well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
| fossil | textbook def: preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism note-taking def: remains of organisms that have been buried quickly so that decomposition has stopped or slowed; usually found in sedimentary rock produced through the weathering of parent rock; settles and is converted to rock |
| natural selection | textbook def: process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest note-taking def: populations of organisms can change over the generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others (differential reproductive success) |
| artificial selection | selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms |
| struggle for existance | textbook def: competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life note-taking def: Limited resources w/n an environment and large numbers of individuals of any given species leads to a ________ ___ ________. |
| fitness | ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| adaptation | inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival |
| survival of the fittest | textbook def: process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection note-taking def: Certain variations w/n a popultion will enable members to survive longer, reproduce, and produce more offspring-(________ __ ___ ________)-natural selection |
| descent with modification | textbook def: process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection note-taking def: Through many generations of time, evolution is that result. (Darwin used _______ ____ ___________) the 3 inferences: 1. struggle for existence 2. non-random survival 3. Natural selection (differential success in reproduction) |
| common descent | principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors |
| homologous structures | structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues |
| vestigial organ | organ that serves no useful function in an organism |
| exponential fertility | w/o constraints, populations will grow exponentially, producing an ever more rapidly growing number of organisms (malthusian) ___________ _________ |
| heritable | Most/much variation is _________. (Some of observed variation is environmental some is genetic) |
| inherited | _________ favorable characteristics become more common from on generation to the next |
| evolutionary adaptions | a prevalence if inherited characteristics that enhance organisms' survival and reproduction |
| Carolus Linnaeus | (1707-1778) botanist; taxonomist; founder of taxonomy (system of naming and classifying organisms); invented the system of Binomial Nomenclature |
| George Cuvier | (1769-1832) vertebrate zoologist; largely responsible for developing paleontology; explained how b/n layered strata unique fossils were found unlike those about and below; established extinction as a fact |
| Jean Baptist de Lamarck | (1744-1829) invertebrate zoologist; impressed by changes in species associated with geological strata; proposed and evolutionary theory: theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics: -more complex organisms are descended from less complex ones -there is a built in drive to perfection -plants and animals adapt to the environment during there lifetimes; adaptations are passed to offspring |
| Charles Lycell and James Hutton | (1797-1875) (1726-1797) geologists (______'s book [Principles of Geology] described ______'s ideas.); earth was dynamic, not static. changes occur over vast amounts of time and the processes that are observed today are the same processes that have always been at work on the earth |
| Alfred Russell Wallace | (1823-1913) naturalist who spent most of his life in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia); sent a letter to Darwin in 1858 with a manuscript that detailed a theory of natural selection nearly identical to Darwin's; his paper along with extracts from Darwin;s 1844 essay were presented to the Linnaeean Society of London on July 1, 1858 by Charles Lycell |
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