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Speciation the evolution of a new species Cladogenesis evolution that results in the splitting of a lineage Anagenesis evolution within a lineage gradualism evolution is slow and steady with cumulative change punctuated equilibrium evolution is not a slow and steady process, but changes in tempo KT boundary transition between the cretaceous and paleocene periods adaptive radiation diversification of an evolving population and the spreading out into available niches taxonomy way of classifying living organisms based on physical similiarites and genetic data Phenetics classification system based on existing phenotypic features and adaptation homology similar traits due to common decent Analogy similar traits in different groups of organism that come from convergent evolution cladistics classification system where certain traits are considered more evolutionarily important and informitive than others cladograms analyze uniquely derived characteristics and does not indicate time primates large-brained mammals with 3D vision and grasping hands Foramen Magnum a hole in the occipital bone of the cranium seen in primates diastema a primitive feature that humans do not have, a gap in the teeth giving room for canines to come down stereoscopic vision depth perception encephalized expanded neocortex for higher cognitive processes Arboreal hypothesis suggests that the biped first became adapted to life in trees where it took to leaping from branch to branch. Evidence: omnivory, 3D vision, grasping hands, large brain Visual Predation Hypothesis suggests that the biped first became adapted to the lower teir of the forest canopy as insect eaters. Evidence: forward facing eyes and adapted to shrubbery Rise of Angiosperm Hypothesis suggests that traits developed with the first angiosperm, the seeds and fruits of angiosperm nurture, protect, and disperse the embryonic plant Lemurs have a lot of variablility allowing them to survive seasonal environments Lorises survive mainland because they adopted nocturnal activity Tarsiers have long hind limbs, elongated bones in feet, and elongated 3rd finger Haplorhines larger body size, larger brains, rely on visual abilities, more complex Platyrrhines new world monkeys with flat noses, 2133 dental pattern, arboreal quadrupeds, diurnal, and some prehensile tails Catarrines old world monkeys with larger brains, greater manual dexterity, improved hand-eye coordination, 2123 dental pattern, and downward facing nostrils Cercopithecine have ischial callosites and are are sexually dimorphic Hominoids larger body size, absence of tail, shortened trunk, more complex behavior, brain, and cognitive abilites Hylobatids lesser apes, smallest apes, brachiators, fruit diet Pongidae asian great apes, sexually dimorphic, solitary and arboreal, frugivorious Ecology interrelationships between organisms and their network Behavioral Ecology how behaviors evolved from natural selection Feeding ecology needed for basal metabolism and physical activity Solitary having no group, females have territories while males roam around Monogamy one male and one female as a pair bond, a female reproductive strategy One Male Polygyny a male reproductive strategy where infanticide occurs Multimale Polygyny a multitier social system with dominance heirarchy and competition for females Fission-Fusion most complex social system consisting of communities where males travel in coalitions Polyandry one female lives in social unit with mulitple males