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momentum the mass and velocity of an object acceleration speeding up, slowing down, or changing directions velocity the distance an object moves over a given amount of time in a certain direction friction a force that keeps objects from moving speed determined by dividing the distance by the amount of time the object takes to travel that distance potential energy stored energy due to its position reference point a fixed, umoving object needed to determine whether another object has changed position distance the amount of space traveled from where an object starts to where it is at any given moment mechanical energy the ability to make something move energy the ability to do work kinetic energy energy due to motion motion the change of an object's position