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Romanticism a profound revolution in the human spirit of the late 18th and early 19th century. The most important elements were feeling for nature, emphasis on subjective sensibility (awareness) and emotion imagination, interest in the past, the mysterious, and the exotic. Pantheism a doctrine that equates God with the forces and laws of the universe Vista a distant through an opening Apotheosis elevation to divine status Odalisque a female slave in the harems of the East. It was a favorite subject of the 19th century artists in a reclining position Supine exhibiting indolent inertia or passivity Gothick the ghoulish, infernal nightmarish, grotesque, the sublime (the fantastic, the occult, the macabre) Daguerreotype a process developed in the early 19th century in which a photograph is produced on a silver plate, made sensitive by the action of iodine Landscape painting in the Romantic style was often "picturesque" and used nature as an allegory to comment on spiritual, moral, historical, or philosophical issues. Nature was seen as a "being"- "the living garment of God" (Goethe) Hudson River School a group of American artists who were interested in the American landscape particularly the undeveloped wilderness areas not just the Hudson River but all the developed wilderness even South America Second Industrial Revolution centered on steel, electricity, chemicals and oil Empiricism the search for knowledge based on observation and direct experienced Positivism developed by Auguste Comte, believed in a purely scientific, empirical to nature and society. He believed that scientific laws governed the environment and human activity and could be revealed through careful recording and analysis of observable data Class Struggle Karl Marx and Frederic Engles wrote the Communist Manifesto, which called for the working class to overthrow the capitalist system as labor was exploited to the benefit the wealthy and the powerful Modernism seeks to capture the images and sensibility of their age. Besides dealing with the present it also involves the artist's critical examination of and reflection on the premises of art itself Fin-de-siecle the end of the century world-weariness, fashionable despair Realism focused attention on the experiences and sights of everyday contemporary life portraying the images previously thought unworthy- the mundane and trivial working class laborers and peasants on a scale previously reserved for grand history painting Barbizon school specialized in detailed pictures of forest and countryside without sentimentalism or romanticism Lampoon satire and ridicule Lithography uses a greasy crayon to write on a stone, the wipes water on the stone. The artist then oil based ink onto the stone, presses the paper to the stone and the drawing transfers to the paper Academic Art sanctioned by the Royal academies, which provided instruction and sponsored exhibitions. They focused on traditional subjects and highly polished technique Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood organized in 1848wished to create a fresh and sincere art free from what they considered a tired and artificial art sponsored by the academies Art for Art's Sake the painter's first loyalty is to the canvas not the outside world or the patron and certainly not for use Rodin a sculptor who redefined modern sculpture. He made the unfinished look an aesthetic principle and dissolved the form of the sculpture into flickering patches of light and dark. (Impressionism in sculpture) Arts and Craft Movement dedicated themselves to functional objects of high aesthetic value for a wide public. (John Ruskin, William Morris and Charles Rennie Mackintosh) Art Nouveau tried create an aesthetic based on natural forms mass produced for a large audience (Gaudi and Horta and Beardsley) "Form Follows function" the famous dictum of Louis Henry Sullivan which became the slogan of modern architecture