The Industrial Revolution Continues
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94 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Who was William Cockerill? | opened factories in Belgium, making Belgium the first European nation outside Britain to industrialize |
| How were other nations able to catch up to Britain? | -more abundant resources/ supplies -able to follow Britain's lead |
| Who in particular sprung up as leaders? | -Germany: would become Europe's leading industrial power -US: would lead the world in production |
| What country lacked industrialization in particular? | Russia |
| What were the setbacks of countries who industrialized slowly | -Lacked natural resources -Lacked capital to invest -Social and political conditions |
| Which countries lack at first, but then spring up as industrialization powers? | Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zeland |
| What came along with industrialization? | -social changes: long hrs, difficult conditions -mass production: Huge quantity, lower prices -demand: created jobs -politic: leaders had to meet demands -competition |
| Who was Henry Bessemer? | developed a process to purify iron ore and produce steel |
| What made steel so efficient? | it is lighter, harder, more durable, and it became a major material used in tools and buildings |
| Who was Alfred Nobel? | invented dynamite(used for construction and sadly, warfare) and he used the money to make the Nobel Peace Prize |
| What did chemicals do? | Led to hundreds of new products |
| Who was Volta? | Invented the battery |
| What was the result of electricity? | It replaced steam as the dominant source of industrial power and made the electric motor |
| Who was Michael Faraday? | Invented the dynamo |
| What was the dynamo? | A machine that generates electricity |
| What did Thomas Edison invent? | The first lightbulb. This led to factories open more hrs and lit up streets at night |
| What are interchangeable parts? | Identical components that could be used in place of each other. |
| What is an assembly line? | A new method of production in which workers added parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next. This made production faster and cheaper, lowering the price of goods. |
| What impact did technology have on transportation and communication? | Steamships could travel the sea, railroads connected cities and water, tunnels and bridges made traveling easier |
| Who was Nikolaus Otto? | Invented a gasoline powered internal combustion engine |
| Who was Karl Benz? | Received a patent for the first automobile with 3 wheels. |
| Who was Gottelieb Daimler? | Introduced the first automobile with 4 wheels |
| Who was Henry Ford? | Started making model Ts up to 25 mph and started the assembly line |
| How else was the internal combustion engine used? | -airplanes -motorized farm technology |
| Who were the Wright Brothers? | They made the first plane in 1903 |
| Who was Samuel F. B. Morse? | Developed the telegraph to relay messages as far as from the US to Europe |
| Who was Alexander Graham Bell? | Patented the telephone |
| Who was Gugilemo Marconi? | Invented the radio |
| What is stock? | shares in companies sold to investors, who then became owners of tiny parts of the company |
| Who came to dominate industry in the 1880s? | big business |
| What is a corporation? | a business that is owned by many investors who buy shares of stock, formed by companies that needed so much capital that they sold tons of shares |
| What did powerful business leaders create to control entire industries or areas of the economy? | Monopolies |
| Who was John D. Rockefeller? | build Standard Oil Company of Ohio into an empire and dominated the American petroleum industry. |
| What is a cartel? | an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or control markets made by ruthless business leaders to destroy competing companies |
| Why did the population more than double between 1800 and 1900? | Because the death rate fell due to improved methods of farming, food storage, distribution, and sanitation. |
| What is the germ theory? | the idea that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases |
| Who was Louis Pasteur? | clearly showed the link between microbes and disease and developed a vaccine for rabies |
| Who was Robert Koch? | identified the bacteria that caused tuberculosis |
| What did people do as they began to understand that germs caused disease? | bathed and changed their clothes more often, better hygiene |
| When was Anesthesia first used in hospitals? | 1840 |
| Who was Florence Nightingale? | insisted on better hygiene in the field hospitals and founded the world's first school of nursing, "Mother of nursing" |
| Who was Joseph Lister? | Listerine, discovered how antiseptics prevented infection and insisted that surgeons wash their hands before operating and sterilize their instruments. |
| Why were hospitals dangerous places? | because there were dirty instruments and infection spread quickly |
| Why were western cities always being altered? | growing wealth and industrialization |
| Who was Georges Haussmann? | He renewed Paris |
| How did cities change in the 1850s? | police force, paved streets, street lights, sewage systems, syscrapers, fire protection |
| What were mutual-aid societies? | self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers |
| What types of laws did the gvt pass in the 1800s? | working conditions, suffrage for all men, workers right to organize unions |
| What is the standard of living? Did it overall rise or fall? | measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in society. Rose |
| Who was in the upper class? | super rich industrial business families, old nobility, they had the top jobs in gvt and military |
| Who was in the middle class? | upper- mid level business people and professionals lower-teachers, office workers, shopkeepers, clerks |
| Who was in the lower class? | workers and peasants |
| What as expected of a middle class house? | large house crammed with overstuffed furniture, paintings and photos, luxurious clothing, cook and housemaid |
| What was expected of husbands in the middle class? | went to work in office/shop, successful if income was enough to keep wife @ home |
| What was expected of wives in the middle class? | STRICT ETIQUETTE tender, self-sacrificing, caregiver, provided nest for children and peaceful refuge for husband, raised children, directed servants, maybe religious/charitable services |
| What was expected of children? | Seen, but not heard |
| What is a cult of domesticity? | idealized woman at home, supported by books, magazines, popular songs |
| What did women campaign for? | Fairness in marriage, divorce, property laws, temperance, suffrage |
| What was the temperance movement? | a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages, mostly supported by women because their husbands would drink and get demanding/abusive |
| Who were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony? | Crusaded vs slavery and for womens' rights |
| What is women's suffrage? | women's right to vote |
| What were elementary schools like? | at first primitive, but grew and were funded by gvt, quality improved |
| What were secondary schools like? | learned classical languages, history, and math, for middle and upper class, funded by gvt |
| What were universities like? | All men except a few small ones |
| Who was Emily Davis? | campaigned for women to be able to take Cambridge U entrance exam and succeeded |
| Who was John Dalton? | Atomic theory stating that all matter was made up of tiny atoms |
| Who was Mendeleev | made table of elements |
| Who was Lyell? | evidence that the Earth had formed over millions of years |
| What was the theory of natural selection/ | Natural forces "select" those best adapted to survive |
| What was Social Darwinism? | The idea of survival of the fittest to war with the economy, encourage racism |
| What was racism? | The belief that one racial group is superior to another |
| What was the social gospel? | a movement that urged Christians to social service saying it was their duty, campaigned for reforms |
| Who was William and Catherine Booth? | They set up the Salvation army |
| What is romanticism? | a cultural movement that glorified nature and sought to excite strong emotions in their audience from about 1750-1850 |
| Who was the romantic hero? | mysterious, melancholy figure who felt out of step w/ society, often hid a guilty secret and faced a grim destiny |
| Who was Lord Byron | used the romantic hero |
| Who was Johann Wolfgang con Goethe | wrote Faust |
| Who was Charlotte Bronte | wrote Jane Eyre |
| What was the goal of romantic music? | To stir deep emotions |
| Who was Ludwig van Beethoven? | combined classical forms with a stirring range of sound, took full advantage of orchestra |
| Who was Fredric Chopin | conveyed the sorrows and jobs of people living under foreign occupation |
| What was the goal of romanticism in art? | to break free of enlightenment rules and discipline |
| Who was J.M.W. Turner? | sought to capture the beauty and power of nature |
| Who was Eugene Delacroix? | painted dramatic action |
| What was Realism? | a new artistic movement that attempted to represent the world as it was |
| What was the goal of novel writers? | to portray the ills of their time |
| Who was Charles Dickens? | portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers, oliver twist |
| Who was Henrik Ibsen? | brought realism to the stage and his drama had a wide influence |
| Who was Gustave Courbet | a realism painter |
| What was the big problem for impressionist painters? | Why paint when you can see the real thing in a photograph? |
| What is Impressionism? | a new movement seeking to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object in the viewers eye |
| Who was Claude Monet? | impressionist painter who painted different times, same place. |
| Who was Edgar Degas? | Impressionist |
| What did the post impressionists do? | developed a wide variety of styles |
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