Science Chapter 22 Study Guide
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Created by:
kmdevine1920 on March 30, 2011
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43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 rocket | a machine that using escaping gas to move |
| Jules Verne | wrote book From the Earth to the Moon, characters reached the moon from enormous cannon |
| Konstantin Tsiolkovsky | proposed the idea for rockets to take people to outer space, inspired by Jules Verne |
| Robert Goddard | launched the first successful liquid-fuled rocket in 1926 |
| NASA | National Aeronautics and Space Administration (combined all rocket-development teams in the US) |
| thrust | the pushing or pulling force exerted by the engine of an aircraft or rocket |
| velocity | speed and direction |
| Orbital and Escape Velocity | Orbital-the speed and direction a rocket most travel in order to orbit a planet\moon (8 km per second) Escape-the speed and direction a rocket must have to travel to completely break away from a planet's gravatational pull (11 km per second) |
| artificial satellite | any human-made object placed in orbit around a body in space |
| Sputnik 1 | the first artificial satellite launched by the Soviets in 1957 2 months later Sputnik 2 carried the first living being into space, a dog named Laika |
| Explorer 1 | the US first satellite |
| LEO (low earth orbit) | an orbit a few hundred kilometers above Earth's surface (moves around earth quickly) |
| GEO (geostationary orbit) | a satellite travels in this orbit which exactly matches the Earth's rotation, always above the same spot on Earth |
| GPS | 27 solar-powered satellites send radio signals to Earth, GPS can determine a person's location w/great accuracy |
| Weather satellites | forecasters make decisions based on information provided by weather satellites, placed in LEO orbit |
| Communication Satellites | use radio waves or microwaves to relay messages, which can relay computer data, and some television and radio broadcasts |
| Landsat | one of the most successful remote-sensing projects, longest continuous record of Earth's surface as seen from space, showed loss of wetlands affecting plants and animals living on the delta as well as the fishing industry |
| Terra 1 | launched in 1999, first satellite in EOS, Earth Observing System, designed to work together to gather integrated data on environmental change on the land, in the atmosphere, in the oceans, and on icecaps |
| space probe | an uncrewed vehicle that carries scientific instruments into space to collect scientific data |
| Luna Program | Luna 1 - the first space probe, launched by Russia Luna 9 - made first soft landing on moon's surface, during the next decade US and Soviet Union completed more than 3 lunar missions Clementine- US probe discovered craters of the moon contain water left by comet impacts Lunar Prospector-confirmed that frozen water exists on the moon (ice would be valuable to a human colony on the moon) |
| Venera | Venera 9 - first probe to land on Venus, found that surface temperature and atmospheric pressure on Venus are much higher than on Earth. The chemistry of the surface rocks on Venus is similar to that of Earth rocks. Also revealed Venus has a severe greenhouse effect. |
| Magellan Mission | mapped 98% of Venus surface and showed that geology of Venus is similar to that of Earth. Venus has volcanoes, some may be active, and plate tectonics may occur there. |
| Viking Mission | explored Mars, more like Earth's surface than any other planet. No hard evidence of life was found on Venus. Mars was once much warmer and wetter than it is now. lead to questions about whether Mars once supported life |
| Mars Pathfinder Mission | in 1997 Mars was visited by this NASA space probe. showed massive floods flowed across the surface of Mars in the planet's recent past. This probe deployed the Sojourner rover. |
| Pioneer 10 and Voyager | explored Jupiter, found dark belts on Jupiter provide deep views into Jupiter's atmosphere |
| solar wind | the flow of particles coming from the sun (found on Jupiter, explored by Pioneer) |
| Voyager space probes | detected jupiter's faint rings, Voyager 2 was first probe to fly by four gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune), they are still sending back data from the solar system's edge |
| Galileo probe | arrived in Jupiter in 1995. took a long tour of Jupiter's moon and sent a smaller probe into Jupiter's atmosphere to measure composition, density, temp, and cloud structure. gathered data about geology of Jupiter's major moons and Jupiters magnetic property. discovered that 2 of Jupiter's moons have magnetic fields and one of its moons, Europa, may have an ocean of liquid water under its surface. |
| Cassini Mission | seven-year journey to Saturn launched in 1997. Huygens probe will detatch itself from Cassini and descend into the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan, whose atmosphere may reveal clues about how life developed on earth |
| Neptune's Moon | Tritan. (gets confused with Saturn's moon Titan) |
| Stardust | launched in 1999 first probe to focus only on a comet, arrived at comet in 2004 to gather samples of comet's dust tail. comet dust should help tell more about how the solar system formed |
| ion propulsion | uses charged particles that exit the vehicle at high swpeed. (used on Deep Space 1, an ion rocket) |
| space shuttle | a reusable space vehicle that takes off like a rocket and lands like an airplane |
| Columbia | the first space shuttle |
| Challenger | exploded just after takeoff, killing 7 astronauts and teacher Christa McAuliffe who would have been the first teacher in space. January 28, 1986. cold weather caused rubber gaskets in the solid fuel booster rockets to stiffen and fail. |
| Columbia - later fate | exploded in 2003 as it reentered the atmosphere and all seven astronauts on board were killled |
| SpaceShipOne | private space craft who won $10 million dollar X Prize, offered to the first privately owned reusuable space vehicle that could carry a crew to an altitude of at least 100 km. |
| space station | a long term orbiting platform in splace |
| Skylab | US first space station, a lab used to conduct a wide variety of scientific studies |
| Mir | meaning peace, launched by Soviets in 1986, wide range of experimdents |
| ISS (international space station) | constructed in LEO with Russia, US, and 14 other countries. perform space-science experiments and test new technologies. |
| space-age spinoffs | items that are now used in everday lives developed for the space program. Cordless power tools, hand-held cameras, medical lasers, invisible braces, ear thermometers, smoke detectors |
| Apollo Mission | "The Eagle has landed". Apollo 11= Eagle. Neil Armstrong became first human to step foot on the moon, Buzz Aldron the second. returned moon rocks and its crew put devices on the moon to study moonquakes and solar wind. |
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