Chapter 5 - The Structure & Function of Large Biological Molecules
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17 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 macromolecule | a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction |
| polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar/identical monomers linked together |
| monomer | the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer |
| dehydration reaction | reaction where monomers are connected; in it, two or more molecules are covalently bonded to each other through loss of a water molecule |
| hydrolysis | large molecules (polymers) are converted to monomers in this reaction; "hydro" water, "lysis" break |
| ketone sugar | if the carbonyl group is WITHIN a carbon skeleton |
| aldehyde sugar | if the carbonyl group is AT THE END of the carbon skeleton |
| glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
| fats | made up of ester linkage, glycerol, and three fatty acids (palmitic acid) |
| trans fat | an unsaturated fat containing one or more trans double bonds; they may contribute more than saturated fats to atherosclerosis & other problems |
| dipeptide | two amino acids? a combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide |
| polypeptide | a polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| peptide bond | the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid & the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction |
| alpha helix | a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every 4th AA |
| beta pleated sheet | structure in which 2 or more regions of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by H bonds between parts of the 2 parallel polypeptide backbones |
| ribose sugar | sugar connected to the nitrogeneous base in the nucleotides of RNA |
| deoxyribose sugar | lacks an oxygen atom on the second carbon ring; connected to the nitrogeneous base in DNA |
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