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129 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Emilio Marinetti | Futurist poet who said "we want to demolish museums and libraries" |
| Futurist | These people want a new dynamic civilization by pulling down old presented art and learning;hated tradition |
| Umberto Boccioni | futurist artist who painted "Riot in the Galleria" |
| Great Depression | era of economic uncertainty and fluctuation, prices would fall and productivity would decline; taught businessmen that alternative boom and busts in business cycle were too dangerous and had to be regulated |
| Boom and Bust | where economy is super good then declines like crazy; dangerous for big companies and its workers |
| Cartels | Economic Regulation was achieved with this; combinations of firms in a given industry united to fix prices and to establish protection quotas; same intentions as monopolies in US but not as extreme: to control market and guarantee profit |
| Trusts | firms joined horizontally within same industry or they combined vertically by managing whole production process |
| Consortium | partnership among banks, often international, in which interest rates and the movement of capital were regulated by mutual agreement |
| James Keir Hardie | attracted national attention as spokesman for a new political movement; Labour party; first independent working man to sit in house of commons |
| Labour Party | Party created to represent workers in Parliament; gained 29 seats in parliament by 1906 |
| Fabians | named after Roman emperor; Well known writers, actresses, producers etc that were Utopian socialists: wanted gradual social reforms; kept socialist issues in public eye; supported the labour party |
| Beatrice and Sydney Webb | Leasers of the Fabian Society |
| David Lloyd George | chancellor of the exchequer; led the "new liberals" |
| Liberal Party | Major Left wing party in the English Government before the Labour Party |
| Free Trade | Britain was first country to enforce this; This benefits consumers because the prices are lower for domestic and international product because no tariff |
| Landlordism | idea that rents are high and once collected is used for the land owner's own goods |
| Temperance | the prohibiting of drinking, this prevents spending money on alcohol and beating children and/or wife |
| National Insurance Act of 1911 | provided compulsory payments to workers for sickness and unemployment benefits |
| Parliament Bill of 1911 | reduced the House of Lords from its status as equal partner w/ House of Commons; took away the power of veto from the House of Lords |
| Trade Unions Act of 1913 | granted unions legal rights to settle their grievances w/ management directly on behalf of workers |
| Irish Home Rule | army officers of Protestant Irish background threatened to mutiny |
| Ulster | where Irish Home Rule happened |
| Otto Von Bismarck | Known as "Iron Chancellor"; hampered the development of effective parliamentary government in Germany; worked with liberals to oppose church |
| Kulturkampf | Bismarck's anti-church campaign- "struggle for civilization"; expelled Jesuits, removed priests from state service, attacked religious education, civil marriage |
| Pope Pius IX | Pope during Kulturkampf; told the clergy of GE to fight it and was expelled |
| Pope Leo XIII | new pope under Bismarck, replaced prior rebelling pope |
| Social Democrats | largest Marxist/socialist party; wanted violent revolution, outlawed, disliked capitalism, wanted international socialist collaboration; Bismarck saw them as threat, tried to crush and outlaw them |
| Anti-Socialist Law | Law passed by Bismarck that forbade meetings among Socialists, fundraising, and distribution of printed matter; relied on police powers and attacked civil liberties and freedom of choice within a democratic electoral system |
| Wilhelm II | new German emperor, didn't agree with Bismarck and dismissed him; stopped repressing socialists |
| Revisionism | political doctrine that favored gradual reform thru parliamentary participation |
| Bebel and Kautsky | two socialists that believed that thought capitalism would destroy itself |
| Eduard Bernstein | Advocate of Revisionism who applied some Fabian doctrines to the German movement |
| carrot and stick | method in which one suppresses socialism and enacts reforms to appease workers so they don't want revolution/socialism |
| Third Republic | Government in France founded after the defeat of Napoleon II's empire; worked toward creating common identity for all citizenry; enacted compulsory schooling which removed illiteracy and dogmatic retardation :p ; compulsory army service also served to create national identity |
| Marianne | typical symbol of French nationalism that eventually appeared in every city hall in France |
| Boulanger Affair | political crisis in which a man threatened Third Republic by amassing support for himself and promising vague constitutional reforms |
| General Georges Boulanger | popular romantic figure loved by press; minister of war; hero to french soldiers because he reformed; became most popular guy in FR by 1886; Right wing people supported his political campaign; known as "the Man on Horseback" and was considered the modern Messiah |
| The Dreyfus Affair | basically just the trial where this guy is accused of selling national secret and is tried and pardoned |
| Dreyfus | Jew army officer who was accused of treason against the Germans cuz hes a jew lol; sentenced to solitary confinement but later freed |
| Anti-Semitism | hatred of Jews |
| xenophobia | fear of foreigners |
| Devil's Island | prison in South America where Dreyfus was sent to |
| Pro-Dreyfusards | The people who thought Dreyfus was innocent: mostly Jews and the left-winged people |
| Anti-Dreyfusards | The people who thought Dreyfus was guilty: mostly Catholics, the army, and the right-winged people |
| Emile Zola | the Pro-Dreyfusards woman responsible for authorizing "I accuse" an article pointing to military and judiciary as "sprits of social evil" |
| Fourth Estate | the press, this had critical role in showing holes in government's case and supporting Dreyfus |
| Ringstrasse | Street in Vienne displayed bourgeois lifestyle in its finest: grandiose buildings, massive Gothic style cityhall |
| Lueger | Austrian who used anti-Semitism as major campaign to win mayoral election in Vienna |
| Holfmannsthal | Austrian poet and playwright who understood rejection of bourgeois politics in age of expanded suffrage |
| Feminist | term coined in France referring to group of people who recognized equality of the sexes without denying differences; didn't have to be a woman to be this |
| Feminism | set of principles of action to build better world, eliminating social inequalities |
| Legouve | dude who was a French dramatist and proponent for women's rights; he was like the French John Stuart Mill |
| General German Women's Association | Feminist group in Germany that agitated for educational opportunities and democratic participation for women |
| French League for Rights of Women | French feminist group that thought just getting the vote wasn't enough; greedy beezys wanted legal/economic reforms |
| Hubertine Auclert | Feminist leader in France |
| Emmeline Pankhurst | Feminist leader in GB; most famous for her work in helping women gain suffrage in GB; advocated militant action |
| Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) | Most effective women's suffrade movement. Ever. Was based in Britain |
| Christabel and Sylvia | Pankhurst's two daughters who helped her with the suffrage thingy |
| Black Friday | November 18th 1910 in GB women marched on parliament ranting about not having the vote; had unarmed confrontations with the police for six hours; marked the beginning of era of increased militiancy amongst women |
| Suffragettes | Name given to militant feminists that weren't scared of being crazy and lighting **** on fire and stuff |
| Davison | Suffragette who committed suicide as act of protest by throwing herself under the king's horse and getting trampled to death |
| Cat and Mouse Act of 1913 | Legislative action in GB parliament making hunger-strike suffragettes who were imprisoned released and when they regained strength were re-imprisoned |
| Sylvia Pankhurst | Daughter of famed suffragette in GB; worked for poverty-striken people in East End vs championing for women's rights |
| Zetkin | Female German Suffragist who opted socialism as response in order to gain true gender equality |
| Anti-Semitism | term meaning hostility towards Jews |
| Pogram | Organized massacres directed at Jews in Russia; resulted in death/ displacement of tens of thousands of RU and EU Jews |
| Assimilation | when Jews would identify their acquired nationality as much as their religion |
| Schonerer | Austrian Demogogue that could whip up frenzy riots and violence against Jews, indicative of others too |
| Zionism | Theory of resolution to all hatred towards Jews; create a national homeland entirely Jewish |
| Theodor Herzl | Austrian Jew author of "The Jewish State" became champion for Zionism and made international organization with a newspaper proposing Palestine as Jew homeland |
| Rothschild | French banker who donated to help Jews go to Palestine, among other donors |
| Sigmund Freud | Famed Jew "father of psychology" supported Zionism but opted for a Zionist state in "historically unencumbered soil"; created psychoanalysis |
| First Zionist Congress | First major meeting of Zionists; happened in Basel, Switzerland where it truly became an international cause |
| Anarchists | people who believe there should be no government |
| Ravacol | Terrorist anarchist from Paris who vowed to destroy bourgeois society; opposed state and capitalist economy; eventually put on trial and publicly executed |
| Bakunin | Russian noble who became Europe's leading anarchist spokesman; influenced by Proudhon but opted for a violent response vs peaceful; thought Marx was out of touch w/ mass workers |
| Prince Petr Kropotkin | Bakunin's successor; consolidated communism and anarchism and said society would work on human interdependence |
| Anarcho-syndicalists | Artisans who combined local trade union organization with anarchist principles; sought to maintain worker solidarity, didn't believe in benefiting from system they opposed |
| direct action | Anarcho-syndicalists did this as a symbolic gesture that didn't advance revolution but helped workers remain aware of exploitation |
| general strike | where people at factory strike, forcing stoppage and shutting everything down |
| Sorel | Journalist and social thinker who wrote "Reflections on Violence" a book about anarcho-syndicalism where the "general strike" was described, basically a kind of final judgment day when justice would prevail |
| Maxwell | Physics guy who discovered relationship between electricity and magnetism; his theories led to discovery of electromagnetic spectrum |
| Marie Curie and Pierre | Couple who discovered polonium and radium |
| Rutherford | Scientist who identified alpha and beta rays in radioactive atoms and deconstructed atom into nucleus and electrons |
| Planck | Scientist proposing quantum theory of energy as emitted and absorbed in discrete ants |
| Einstein | Most famous scientist ever in history; wrote book on theory of relativity, denounced Newton's idea that gravity was force, instead saw it as a bend in space-time continuum in presence of mass; E=mc^2 |
| Pasteur | French chemist who came up with inoculation; also developed pasteurization |
| Spontaneous Generation | Belief that animals pop out of nowhere LOL |
| Mendel | Founder of genetics, basically; did famed cross breeding of peas leading to laws of inheritance |
| Virchow | German professor who discovered relationship between microbes, sewer, and disease leading to better sewage systems |
| Peary | American explorer who was first to reach N. Pole |
| Clerke | Irish astronomer who pioneered new field of astrophysics |
| Nobel | Swedish inventor who invented dynamite and Nobel Prizes for achievement in physics, physiology of medicine, chemistry, literature, and peace |
| Social Sciences | study of society like a science, using same methods of observation and experimentation; led to improvement but inequalities came too |
| Schliemann | German archaeologist who discovered Troy |
| Arthur Evans | excavated Crete in 1900 and unearthed Minoan culture |
| Von Ranke | person who opted for tradition and legend instead of objective scientific view of history |
| Marshall | developed neoclassical economic theory based on individual choice in marketplace |
| theory of marginal utility | producers could calculate costs and project profits based on consumer response to price changes |
| Wundt | Built first psychological research lab and asserted thought is based on physical reality |
| Pavlov | Had famed experiments on dogs demonstrating their conditioned reflexes |
| psychoanalysis | study of unconscious, intended as therapy |
| Oedipus complex | child's unresolved desire for parent of opposite sec forms basis of ego development |
| Galton | Cousin of Darwin; discovered uniqueness of fingerprints |
| eugenics | improvement of society through selective breeding |
| Lombroso | Italian criminologist who wrote "The Criminal Man" in which he argued criminals have certain physical characteristics |
| Le Bon | French physician who wrote "Psychology of Crowds" in which he argued masses were instinctively irrational |
| Durkheim | Founder of modern sociology; had famous study of suicide as social phenomenon and argued deviance was resultant of hereditary and environmental factors |
| Emile Zola | Novelist who explored biological determinism where protagonists' lives sucked cuz of inherited **** from their parents |
| Binet | Developed the intelligence quotient (IQ) test |
| Descent of Man | Work by Darwin arguing women were less intelligent than men |
| Social Darwinists | Those who applied Darwin's biological principles to society; claimed survival of the fittest could be applied to gender and race |
| Paul Broca | French physiologist who argued that women and men's skulls were similarly sized so inferiority couldn't be based on measurement |
| "new woman" | Movement that exceeded bounds of feminist movement and was basically a woman characterized by intelligent, strength, and sexual desire equal to man |
| Ibsen | embodied the "new woman" idea with character Nora in "A Doll's House" |
| A Doll's House | Iben's book that embodies idea of new woman |
| Birth Control | New woman's quest to control her body; was a way to prevent pregnancy |
| Margaret Sanger | American who opened first birth control clinic in US; woman who first used term "Birth Control" |
| Aletta Jacobs | first woman to practice medicine in Holland, opened a contraceptive clinic |
| Tolstoy | Novelist who condemned materialism that characterized EU society; was aware of new form of serfdom founded in web of financial obligations to freed peasants |
| Veblen | American economist who wrote "The Theory of the Leisure Class" where he argued that leisure was a form of conspicuous consumption |
| Conspicuous consumption | buying expensive services and products in order to flaunt your wealth |
| Vaudeville | a variety show with songs and comic acts etc. |
| Olympics | this event promoted organized sports and national/regional identification; started in 1896 |
| Tour de France | Cycling became popular with this |
| Impressionists | Late 19th century artistic movement characterized by visible brush strokes, softer colors, unusual angles, and ordinary subject matter. |
| Parliamentary Socialists | people that believed that they can take over Parliament to achieve the goals of Socialism instead of having insane rebellion |
| Suffragists | the people who worked to get the right to vote for women without burning **** down |
| Zionist Movement | A nationalist movement among the Jews to establish a home land in Palestine; led by Herzl |
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