1.
"Cape Town to Cairo": This phrase reflected how Rhodes wanted to build a railroad from South Africa to Egypt so that the British could dominate
2.
"Direct Action": In the Anarchist principle, this was to be defiant in order to spread a message
3.
"Great Depression": What 19th Century people called the era of uncertainty and fluctuation
4.
"new imperialism": The acquisition of territories on an intense and unprecedented scale, leading to the development of new tools for transit, communication, and domination that were necessary.
5.
"scramble for Africa": From 1875-1912, this was a "mad" event where EU got virtually all of Africa under its control
6.
"Unequal Treaties": A series of treaties made in China where the West would exploit the East
7.
"White Man's Graveyard": This was the nickname for the Interior of Africa because of deadly diseases in the African jungle, such as malaria or sleeping sickness
8.
Adowa: The battle in 1896 when the hopelessly outnumbered Italians lost 8000 of their men against Ethiopia and sued for peace.
9.
Afrikaners: White settlers from the Netherlands who moved to South Africa during the 1700s and early 1800's
10.
Anarchism: Political doctrine that denounced politics altogether & opted for a government-less world where each individual would look out for himself
11.
Anarcho-syndicalists: Artisans [esp. French] who combined local trade union organization w/ anarchist principles; sought "direct action" to maintain worker solidarity, didn't believe in benefiting from the system they opposed
12.
Anti-Semitism: Term meaning hostility towards Jews
13.
Anti-Socialist Lawl: Legislature enacted by Bismarck that forbade meetings amongst socialists, fund-raising & distribution of printed *****; but socialists prevailed & got about 35 Reichstag seats
14.
Bakunin: Russian noble who became Europe's leading anarchist spokesman; influenced by Proudhon bu opted for violent response vs. peaceful; thought Marx was out of touch with the mass workers
15.
Berlin Conference: A conference held to decide who would rule the Congo after objections to Leopold's desires. Leopold would be granted permission to rule the Congo Free state, but it also ruled that acquisitions in Africa could not just be made by planting a flag and claiming it-they had to have a "real presence calculated to product 'economic development'"
16.
Bernstein: Advocate of revisionism who applied some Fabian doctrines to the German movement; favored evolutionary change
17.
Birth control: New woman's questto control her body; was a way to prevent pregnancy
18.
Boer War: In 1899, GB would fight skilled Afrikaner guerrillas in this war and not win until three years later. The Afrikaners would be annexed by GB afterwards.
19.
Boulanger: The man who threatened the Third Republic by amassing support for himself & promising vague constitutional reforms; was eventually charged w/ treason
20.
Boxer Rebellion: A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.
21.
Cartel: A combination of firms in a given industry that united to fix prices and est. production quotas; intention was to control market and guarantee profit
22.
Cat and Mouse Act 1913: Legislative action in GB parliament making hunger-strike suffragrettes who were imprisoned relased & when they regained strength were re-incarcerated
23.
Cecil Rhodes: A British investor and politician who wanted to expand his wealth through British power.
24.
Congress of Berlin: In 1878, Bismarck hosted a peace conference, acting as an "Honest Broker" between Russia and Austria-Hungary, but results in Russia backing out of the 3 Emperors' League, feeling betrayed
25.
Consortium: A partnership among banks (often int'l) where interest rates and movement of capital were regulated by mutual agreement
26.
Consuls: Appointed civilian representatives of foreign countries; also judges in all civil/criminal cases.
27.
David Lloyd George: Chancellor of exchequer who supported social welfare; renovated parliament by removing Lords' right to tax/veto
28.
De Lesseps: The French diplomat who oversaw the project of the Suez Canal. He would also initially lead the construction of the Panama Canal.
29.
Dreyfus Affair: An accusatory affair when a Jewish army officer was accused of treason, mainly because he was a Jew, and was thus sent to solitary confinement on Devil's Island. This unveiled Antisemitism in France and demonstrated the major role of the press
30.
Dual Alliance: An alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary, cemented by Bismarck from 1879-1918
31.
Durkheim: Founder of modern sociology; had famous study of suicide as social phenomenon & argued deviance was result of hereditary & environmental factors
32.
Economic Regulation: Gov't intervention to correct the ups & downs of the business cycle; est. on basis of intense need for capital
33.
Einstein: Most famous scientist ever in history; wrote book on theory of relativity, denounced Newton's idea that gravity was a force, instead saw it as a bend in space-time continuum in a presence of mass
34.
Emmeline Pankhurst: Feminist in GB; most famous for her work in helping gain women's suffrage in GB; advocated militant action
35.
Entente Cordial: An alliance between France and Russia, only because both were worried about being isolated and alone
36.
Evans: Man who finds traces of the Minoan civilization of Crete
37.
Extraterritoriality: Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation.
38.
Fabians/ Fabian Society: Group of intellectuals concerned w/ social welfare; thought parliament had failed the poor & were evolutionary socialists; wanted state direction of production & supported labour party
39.
Fashoda: This was where Britain and France headed towards conflict over a dispute over the Nile Headwaters
40.
Feminist: Term coined in France referring to group of people who recognized equality of the sexes w/o denying difference; didn't have to be a woman to be one
41.
Fourth Estate: This term refers to the media, which challenged the legitimacy of the rulings during the Dreyfus Affair
42.
Free Trade: When a country doesn't put in an import tariff to help protect domestic businesses from int'l competition
43.
Freetown: A port city of Sierra Leone, for former slaves
44.
Freud: Famed Jewish "father of psychology"; supported Zionism but opted for a Zionist state in "historically unencumbered soil"; developed psychoanalysis
45.
Futurists: Artistic movement that tried to break away from the past; hated tradition and worried for their future
46.
Geopolitics: Politics of geography, based on recognizing that certain parts of the world are politically valuable.
47.
Great Trek: The migration of the Afrikaners from Britain's Cape Colony into the interior Orange Free State and Transvaal regions.
48.
Herbert Spencer: The intellectual who took up racist ideas based on Darwinism
49.
Herzl: Austrian Jewish author of "The Jewish State"; became champion for Zionism & made int'l organization w/ a newspaper proposing Palestine as a Jewish homeland
50.
Irish Home Rule: Ireland opposes British rule; they don't want to be controlled by outside source
51.
J. A. Hobson: Radical English economist wrote Imperialism, criticism of imperialism as result of unregulated capitalism and only special interest groups benefited-diverted attention from need domestic reforms.
52.
James Keir Hardie: Scottish miner who was first spokesman of Labour party & whose goal was to represent workers in Parliament. Became first independent to have a seat in parliament
53.
Jameson Raid: With the support of members of GB government, Dr. Jameson, Rhode's lieutenant would lead this invasion of the Transvaal that was poorly executed and failed, humiliating Rhodes.
54.
Jingo: A person willing to risk war for national glory- coined in 1878 during showdown btwn GB + RU
55.
Jingoism: The love of one's country transforming into hatred of and desire to destroy another country
56.
King Leopold II: Motivated by sheer greed, he read about how valuable the Congo was, so in 1876, he org'd Int'l African Association, pretending to try to stamp out remnants of slavery, but instead Established trading posts and coerced valuable ivory from people.
57.
Kipling: Wrote "The White Man's Burden", which justified the European conquest of Africa
58.
Kropotkin: Russian man who was the successor to Bakunin; consolidated communism & anarchism & said society would work on human interdependence
59.
Kulturkampf: Bismarck's anti-Church campaign, basically declared catholocism enemy of German state; expelled Jesuits from Germany. removed priests, attacked religious Education & instituted civil marriage
60.
Le Bon: French physician who wrote "Psychology of Crowds" in which he argued masses where instinctively irrational, ergo democracy is dumb
61.
Lombroso: Italian criminalist who wrote "The Criminal Man" in which he argued criminals have certain physical characteristics
62.
Macao: The first port (and only at the time) China opened up to English trade
63.
Margaret Sanger: Women who advocated the use of birth control so a woman could have control over her reproductive cycle
64.
Mendel: Founder of genetics, essentially; did famed cross breeding of peas, leading to laws of inheritance
65.
Menelik II: This Ethiopian ruler played European nations against each other for weapons; gave concessions to France for their weapons, causing other nations to give even more weapons to Ethiopia in fear of French influence and dominance in Ethiopia
66.
National Insurance Act 1911: Act supported by David Lloyd George; gave workers sick days and unemployment benefits; attempt to prevent labour from succeeding
67.
New Consumption: This was when more goods became available, giving consumers a larger choice.
68.
Opium War: This war was set off when the Chinese destroyed British opium on the port of Canton. The British would retaliate by blockading Chinese ports, besieging Canton, and occupying Shanghai to protect its merchants' illegal trading.
69.
Pasteur: French chemist who came up w/ inoculation; also developed pasteurization
70.
Pogroms: Organized massacres directed at Jews in Russia; resulted in death/displacement of tens of thousands of Russo-Ea.European Jews
71.
Quinine: from the bark of the cinchona tree, is used to treat fever and relieves muscle spasm, also prevents malaria
72.
Rayachol: Terrorist anarchist from Paris who vowed to destroy bourgeois society; opposed state & capitalist economy; eventually put on trial & publicly executed
73.
Reinsurance Treaty: Germany and RU agree in this treaty to stay neutral in the case of war. However, this treaty will be allowed to wither away after the discharge of Bismarck
74.
Revisionism: Political doctrine that favored gradual reform through parliamentary participation; also known as Parliamentary Socialists
75.
Russo-Japanese War: Japan beat Russia in this war and attained Liaotung Peninsula, Korea, and S. Manchuria.
76.
Schliemann: The archaeologist who discovers the ruins of Troy
77.
Sierra Leone: This was the country where the British first established a colony to stop African slave trade
78.
Sino-Japanese War: Japan showed that it wanted to be an imperialist power too in Asia, crushing China with its modern army, attaining Taiwan
79.
Social Darwinism: The believe that various races were at different places in evolution w/ whites the most advanced and blacks the least; all races were in a natural struggle for survival with the fittest destined to prevail
80.
Social Democratic Party: Party in German's Reichstag that was official Socialist party
81.
Sorel: Journalist & social thinker who wrtet "Reflections on Violence", a book about anarcho-syndicalism where the "general strike" was described, basically a kind of final judgement when justice would prevail
82.
Spheres of influence: Britain, France, Germany, and Japan all established these by the end of 1800's through negotiations and force.
83.
Suffragettes: Name given to militant suffragists to distinguish from peace-loving hippie-suffragists; these people set fire to public buildings, hotels, churchs, etc.
84.
Three Emperors' League: Composed of the countries Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia, this was an alliance of the conservative European powers
85.
Trade Unions Act 1913: Legislature in England granting unions legal rights to settle their grievances w/ management directly
86.
Treaty of Nanking: The treaty that ended the "war" in China, and would be the first of many treaties where the West would impose large indemnities on the East
87.
Treaty ports: Term for the 50+ major Chinese ports China had to give up to foreigners
88.
Triple Alliance: In 1882, Italy will ask to join the Dual Alliance, forming this alliance that will last until 1914
89.
Triple Entente: What the alliance between France and Russia would become known as after GB joined in 1907
90.
Trusts: Form of collaboration that resulted in elimination of unprofitable business
91.
von Ranke: A man who opted for tradition & legend instead of objective view of history
92.
Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU): Most effective women's suffrage movement. Ever. Was based in Britain
93.
Xenophobia: Hatred of foreigners, sometimes instilled by nationalism. This was often nurtured by the press.
94.
Zionism: Basically resolution to all hatred towards Jews: create a nat'l homeland entirely Jewish
95.
Zola: Pro-Dreyfusard responsible for authoring "I Accuse!", an article pointing to military & judiciary as "spirits of social evil"
