Organs 3d
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 islets of langerhans | What makes up the endocrine pancreas? |
| glucagon | hyperglycemic factor that mobilizes glycogens stores |
| amylin | islet polypetide that modulates appetite and gastric emptying and glucagon and insulin secretion |
| somatostatin | inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide |
| gastrin | stimulates gastric acid secretion |
| pancreatic peptide | small protein that facilitates digestion |
| insulin | inhibits the secretion of glucagon only |
| glucagon | stimulates the secretion of insulin and somatostatin |
| alpha cell | cell that releases glucagon and proglucagon |
| beta cell | cell that releases insulin, c-peptide, proinsulin, amylin |
| delta cell | cell that releases somatostatin |
| f cell | cell that releases pancreatic polypeptide |
| zinc | insulin forms complexes with this in the B cells |
| insulin and glucagon | These are secreted by exocytosis and cross the basal lamina of the cell and the basal lamina of the capillary before entering the lumen of the capillary |
| insulin | promotes synthesis and storage of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein in its major target tissues |
| increased blood glucose, incretins, vagal nerve stimulation, others | What stimulates the release of insulin? |
| promotes storage of fat and glucose, influences cell growth, promotes protein formation and prevents degradation of proteins | What are various roles of insulin? |
| increase transport of glucose, A.A., and K+ into cells | What are the rapid effects of insulin? |
| increase in mRNA for lipogenic and other enzymes | What is the delayed effect of insulin? |
| Adipose tissue, muscle, liver, general increase in cell growth | What are the effects of insulin on various tissues? |
| glucose, mannose, A.A., glucagon, etc | What are some stimulators of insulin secretion? |
| somatostatin, thiazide diuretics, K depletion, phenytoin, etc | What are some inhibitors of insulin secretion? |
| 2 alpha and 2 beta glycoprotein subunits | What makes up the tetramer of an insulin receptor? |
| alpha subunits | Which subunits of the insulin receptor bind insulin? |
| tyrosine kinase activity | This activity is found on the intracellular portions of the insulin receptor |
| autophosphorylation of the subunits on tyrosine residues | What does binding of insulin to insulin receptors produce on tyrosine residues? |
| phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) | What mediates the growth-promoting protein anabolic effects of insulin? |
| insulin receptor substrate - 1 | Mediates the effects of glucose, fat, and protein metabolism |
| tyrosine kinase receptors, serine threonine receptors, cytokine receptors, G-protein coupled receptor | What are some cardioprotective receptors? |
| Insulin growth factor - 1 | Plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults |
| Insulin growth factor - 2 | growth promoting hormone during gestation |
| proinsulin | long single-chain protein molecule that is processed within the Golgi of Beta cells and packaged into granules |
| in hexamer | How is insulin stored in the body? |
| facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport (in intestine and kidneys) | How does glucose enter cells? |
| sodium-dependent glucose transporters | Which transporters are responsible for the secondary active transport of glucose in the intestine and renal tubes? |
| GLUT 2 | glucose transporter on Beta cells of islets, liver, epithelial cells of small intestine, and kidneys |
| GLUT 4 | Glucose transporter on skeletal and cardiac muscle, adipose tissue, and other tissues |
| phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) | What speeds translocation of the GLUT-4 containing endosomes into the cell membrane? |
| Calcium | Stimulates the release of insulin by exocytosis |
| ATP from glucose metabolism inhibits K channels which depolarizes the Beta cell | What causes calcium influx of a Beta cell? |
| decreased glucose uptake, increased protein catabolism, increased lipolysis | What is the result of insulin deficiency (and glucagon excess)? |
| cessation of secretion of endogenous insulin | What is done by the body to compensate for hypoglycemia? |
| preproglucagon | What is processed in A and L cells and raises blood glucose levels? |
| glicenten | What is preproglucagon processed into in L cells? |
| glucagon | What is preproglucagon processed into in A cells? |
| A cells of pancreatic islets and the GI tract | Where is glucagon produced? |
| Glucagon-like polypeptide 1 | What is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion that also increases glucose utilization? |
| oxyntomodulin | What is formed in L cells that inhibits gastric acid secretion? |
| glycogenolysis | What does glucagon cause in the liver? |
| somatostatin | decreases the motility of the stomach, duodenum, and gallbladder |
| somatostatin | decreases both secretion and absorption in the GI tract |
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