| Term | Definition |
|---|
| functions of integumentary system | regulation of body temperature, protection, sensation, excretion, immunity, blood reservoir, synthesis of vitamin D |
| regulating body temperature | evaporation of sweat, coolds, while sweating less can warm the body |
| protection | from physical abrasion(friction), bacteria, dehydration, and ultraviolet radiation |
| sensation | skin has an abundant supply of nerve endings that detect stimuli related to temperature, touch, pressure, and pain |
| excretion | in sweat we lose urea, water, and salt, but sweat is also a vehicle in which we lose a small quanitity of ions and several organic compounds |
| excretion (define) | don't need, waste product |
| immunity | langerhan's (brown) cells are in the epidermis, which aid in our immune response |
| blood reservoir (holds something, usually liquid) | blood flow in dermis may increase, allow extra heat to be released, however during strenuous exercise, the same blood vessels may constrict to allow more blood flow to the muscles which need the oxygen (shunting blood) |
| synthesis of vitamin D | UV radiation activates the process of making vitamin D in our skin |
| keratinocytes | cell that produces keratin that help waterproof skin |
| melanocytes | cell that produces pigment call melanin, which is brown pigment in skin |
| langerhans cells | cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis to help with immunity |
| merkel cells | aid in sensation of touch |
| layers of epidermis (deepest to closest to surface) | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
| stratum basale | most physiologically active area of the epidermis |
| where do new cells undergo mitosis? | stratum basale |
| where are merkel cells present? | stratum basale |
| startum spinosum | 8-10 cells thick. cells appear to be covered with spiny projections |
| startum granulosum | where keratinazation begins. only 3-5 cells thick |
| startum lucidum | not apparent on hairy skin. more apparent on thick skin of palms and soles. 3-5 cells thick. most cells are not alive |
| stratum corneum | physiologically inactive. cells are continuously being shed or lost. 25-30 cells thick. great barrier against heat, bacterica, and ultra violet radiation. |
| desquamation | when cells are continuously shed or lost |
| dermis | thickest layer of skin. contains many accessory glands of the skin. forms the hides of animals. tough, flexible layer, 2-4 mm thick |
| dermis is thickest... | in palms of hands and soles of feet |
| dermis is thinnest... | in eyelid, penis, and scrotum |
| papillary layer | allows for radiation of heat and nourishes lower layers. many nerve endings and capillaries are present. |
| what layer is the top 1/5 of dermis? | papillary layer |
| reticular layer | conserves body heat. structures present are: pacinian corpucles- receptors of pain, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands |
| subdoferious | sweat |
| eccrine sweat glands | activated by an elevated body temperature. help cool |
| what are more common..eccrine or apocrine? | eccrine |
| apocrine sweat glands | most numerous in armpits and pubic regions. activated by emotional response at puberty |
| which produce more viscous fluid..eccrine or apocrine? | apocrine |
| insensible perspiration | when the sweat evaporates before you feel it |
| sweat | you are always sweating. most times you can't feel it because it is in such small amounts. 500-1000mL/day. 2-5 million eccrine sweat glands |
| sebaceous glands | associated with most hair follicles. secrete sebum. act as waterproofer for skin. keeps hair glossy and skin sliable |
| sebum | oil secreted by sebaceous glands. made of waxes, fatty acids, and cholesterol |
| who has mroe sebaceous glands...men or women? | men |
| acne | inflamation of sebaceous glands |
| cerumen | earwax |
| where are cerumenous glands located? | external auditory meatus |
| cerumenous glands | secret cerumen. modified sweat glands. keep irritants from progressing in the ear |
| where are tarsal glands found? | margin of your eyelid |
| tarsal glands | secrete a fluid that seals the margins of your eyelids while sleeping |
| subcutaneious layer (hypodermis) | large blood vessels present. thicker than epidermis. loaded with adipose tissue. insulating and protecting. deepest layer of skin |
| function of hair | protection |
| hair in nostrils | filter our particles so they are not inhaled into the lungs |
| the average person loses _______ hairs a day | 70-100 |
| growth and replacement of hair can be altered by | illness, diet, high fever, surgery, and blood loss |
| shedding rate of hair can increase due to | chemicals and radiation associated with cancer treatments |
| hair growth occurs in | the bulb of the hair, which has good blood supply |
| matrix | derived from the stratum basale |
| hair is 100% | keratin |
| arector pili muscles | make hair stand on end and create goose bumps. activated when cold. SMOOTH MUSCLE |
| hair color is derived from | melanin |
| who has more melanin...dark or light haird people? | dark |
| blonde and red haired people have more | variants of melanin containing iron and sulfur. |
| grey hair occurs | with a progressive decline of tyrosinase |
| tyrosinase | enzyme present to help make melanin |
| nails | plates of thightly paced keratinized cells. protect terminal portions of fingers |
| melanin | amounts of melanin give us the brown color of our skin. more melanin=more brown |
| albinism | condition in which a person lacks a gene to produce the enzyme tyrosinase |
| vitiligo | partial loss of melanocytes, producing irregular which spots |
| carotene | gives us our yellow color of skin. |
| where is carotene found? | carrots and egg yolks |
| people of asian decents have high amounts of | carotene |
| hemoglobin and blood vessels | the amounts of blood vessels in the dermis and if the blood is carrying adequate amounts of hemoglobin, it will give skin its reddish color |
| if blood vessels are dialating | the skin will have a more reddish color |
| erythema | when blood vessels dialate |
| if blood vessels are constricting | the skin will have a more bluish or pale color |
| cyanosis | when blood vessels constrict |
| burns | can be life threatening. if skin is damaged, you can loose protection, become more vulnerable to opportunistic infection, and loose large amounds of water |
| 1st degree burn | burns epidermis only. mild pain and erythema are symptoms. healing occurs in 2-3 days |
| what is mild sunburn considered? | 1st degree burn |
| 2nd degree burn | burn carries down to dermis. some skin functions are lost, blisters form, scarring will result, helt in 3-4 weeks |
| 3rd degree burn | move down through epidermis, dermis, and into hypodermis. most accessory glands are destroyed, wounds are very slow to heal and form scar tissue, can be life threatening depending of how much of the body is afflicted |
| aging | causes subcutaneous layers to decrease, hair follicles to decrease leading to alopecia, and decrease in collagen fibers, thus a loss of elasticity in skin |
| many elderly are always | cold |
| what is underlying cause of acne? | bacteria |
| what are other roles for acne | hormone levels, particularly testosterone, and adrenal and ovarian hormones for women |
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