| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Monomer | a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer |
| Polymer | a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds |
| Nucleotide | organic compounds that consist of three joined structures: a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. |
| Nitrogen Base | Type of molecule that forms an important part of nucleic acid, composed of a nitrogen-containing ring structure. |
| Peptide Bond | A covalent bond joining two amino acids (protein bond) |
| Unsaturated | Can hold more |
| Phosphate group | A functional group important in energy transfer. |
| 5-Carbon Sugar | include ribose and deoxyribose, which form part of nucleic acids |
| Pleated sheet | A regular element of secondary structure in proteins, in which two or more extended strands of the polypeptide chain lie side by side, held together by a regular array of hydrogen bonds between backbone NH and C=O groups |
| Tertiary Structure | The folding or coiling of the secondary structure to form a three-dimensional molecule. |
| Quaternary Structure | The association of polypeptide subunits to form the final structure of a protein. |
| Primary Structure | The sequence of polymerized amino acids in a protein |
| Saturated | Can not hold more |
| RNA | A single-stranded nucleic acid similar to DNA but having ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose sugar and uracil rather than thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases. |
| Steriod | a terpenoid lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings |
| Sucrose | Sucrose, or table sugar, is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, with the molecular formula C12H22O11 |
| Triglyceride | glyceride in which the glycerol is esterified with three fatty acids |
| Secondary Structure | the structure of DNA as a folded helix |
| Helix | a smooth curve in three-space; the DNA molecule is formed as two intertwined helices |
| Nucleic Acid | macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. Located in the nucleus. |
| Isomers | two molecules with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of molecular groups. |
| Insulin | peptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that regulates the level of sugar in the blood |
| Peptidoglycan | a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of Bacteria |
| Glucagon | it is released when the glucose level in the blood is low (hypoglycemia), causing the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose |
| Phospholipid | one polar end and one non-polar end |
| Steroid | a terpenoid lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings |
| Fat Soluble Vitamins | Vitamin's that require fat to dissolve. |
| Cholesterol | a lipid like, waxy alcohol found in the cell membranes |
| Anabolic Steriods | a class of steroid hormones related to the hormone testosterone |
| Denature | Loss of natural configuration (of a molecule) through heat or other treatment |
| Eicosanoids | signaling molecules made by oxygenation of twenty-carbon essential fatty acids |
| Protein Conformation | The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, imposed upon it by the secondary and tertiary structure of the peptide chain. |
| Purine | A type of nitrogen base; the purine bases in DNA and RNA are adenine and guanine |
| Chaperonins | rotein complexes that assist the folding of non-native polypeptides into their native, functional state |
| Pyrimidine | Nitrogenous bases of which thymine is found in DNA; uridine in RNA; and cytosine in both. Characterized by a 6-membered ring made up of C and N atoms. |
| Acid (Carboxyl) Group | -COOH |
| Amino Acid | The basic building block of proteins (or polypeptides). Containing a basic amino (NH2) group, an acidic carboxyl (COOH) group and a side chain (R - of a number of different kinds) attached to an alpha carbon atom. |
| Carbohydrate | Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with twice as many hydrogens as oxygens; sugar or starch. |
| ATP | Enery useable by animals |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Joining together of monomers to create polymers, by removing water |
| Cellulose | Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)n, a polysaccharide |
| Chitin | a nitrogenous polysaccharide and found in some plants, particularly fungi. |
| DNA | An antiparallel double helix of nucleotides |
| Disulfide Bridge | a single covalent bond derived from the coupling of thiol groups |
| Fatty Acid | A long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acid found in natural fats and oils; also a component of membrane phospholipids and glycolipids. |
| Functional Group | The specific atom or group of atoms that confers a particular chemical property on a biomolecule. |
| Glucose | The major sugar in the body and a key molecule in energy metabolism |
| Glycogen | A large, complex carbohydrate molecule produced from glucose in the liver and muscles when blood sugar levels are high. Glycogen is broken down into lactic acid when it is used as an energy source in the liver or muscles. |
| Glycosidic Bond | a certain type of functional group that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another, which may be another carbohydrate |
| Ester Linkage | The bond between lipids. |
| Hydrolysis | The breaking apart of polymers into monomers, using water. |
| Starch | polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds |
| Lipid | A small water-insoluble biomolecule generally containing fatty acids, sterols, or isoprenoid compounds |
| Glycerol | a sugar alcohol, and is sweet-tasting and of low toxicity. |
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