Biological Bases of Behavior (Neuroscience)
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64 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 neuroanatomy | anatomy of nerve cell (neuron) |
| dendrites | root like, makes synaptic connections with other neurons. Recieves the neurotransmitter on receptor sites |
| cell body | (soma) contains nucleus |
| axon | longest part of neuron |
| myelin sheath | covering around the axon that speeds neural impulses |
| terminal buttons of axon | (end buttons, terminal branches) branched end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals that enable neurons to communicate |
| synapse | space between neurons |
| neuron in a resting state | negative ions within the cell and mostly positive ions on the outside |
| action potential | electrical message firing |
| threshold | neurons are pushed past this to begin the firing (toilet flushing) |
| neuron firing | "all or nothing" either fires or doesn't (like a toilet flushing) positive ions rush in negative ions leave (like the water in a dirty toilet) ---LOL mrs.marvin |
| refractory period | brief time when a neuron must recharge and cannot fire (toilet) |
| reuptake | the re-absorption of neurotransmitters from the sending neuron |
| sodium and potassium ions | -neuron has a negative charge at rest -slightly positive charged sodium ions on the outside -during the firing, sodium ions rush in the axon causing depolarization -potassium ions rush out of the axon causing it to return to its resting state (negative charge) |
| inhibitory neurotransmitters | chemicals that inhibit (slow down) the next cell from firing (antagonist) |
| excitatory neurotransmitters | chemicals that excite (speed up) the next cell firing (agonist) |
| Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter (Ach); motor movement...associated with Alzheimer's (lack of Ach) |
| Dopamine | neurotransmitter; motor movement... associated with Parkinson's and Schizophrenia (excess) |
| Serotonin | neurotransmitter; mood...associated with depression...is basically the same as norepinephrine |
| Endorphins | neurotransmitter; (substance p); pain...associated with addictions |
| Norepinephrine | neurotransmitter; mood; associated with depression...is basically the same as serotonin |
| afferent/efferent neurons | acronym is SAME. Sensory Afferent/ Motor Efferent. Sensory neurons (afferent) go from body to brain such as when you sense pain from hitting your knee. Motor neurons go from brain to body such as when your brain and tells you to raise your hand to catch a ball |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | all other nerves in your body |
| autonomic | controls automatic functions of the body- such as heart, lungs |
| sympathetic nervous system | arouses body systems, decreases digestion, dilates pupil |
| parasympathetic nervous system | calms body systems, increases digestion, contracts pupil ect. (Mneumonic hint: once your (para)chute opens you calm, the (para)medics come to calm you down) |
| somatic | controls voluntary muscle movements |
| reflexes | spine sends message to body |
| Accidents-Phineas Gage | thought, planning emotion are located in front of brain |
| lesion | removal or destruction of part of the brain |
| EEG | detects electrical activity of brain waves, uses electrodes |
| CAT | (aka CT scan) x-ray of brain structure |
| MRI | locates brain material, most detailed picture |
| PET | activity of brain in pictures, use radioactive glucose to locate activity |
| medulla | heartbeat, breathing |
| pons | controls facial expressions |
| cerebellum | balance, motor movement (mnemonic hint: Sara on a balance beam) |
| thalamus | contains sensory (senses) cortex (except smell) |
| hypothalamus | body temperature, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst |
| amygdala | emotions (mnemonic hint: picture a friend names Amy that is very emotional) |
| hippocampus | formation of new memories (mnemonic hint: if you saw a hippo on campus you wouldn't forget it) |
| reticular formation | responsible for body arousal (mnemonic hint: tic toc on alarm clock wakes you up) |
| contra lateral control | the left hemisphere controls the motor movement of the right hand |
| hemispheric specialization | outdated theory suggesting that each hemisphere controls all specific functions. Its factual however that the left is where most language takes place. right is spatial (map reading ect) |
| split brain patients | can write a word they see in the right visual field but cannot say it because the left hemisphere controls language |
| corpus callosum | connects the 2 hemispheres and transmits messages to each other. People who get epileptic seizures have this surgically cut and become spilt brain patients. |
| broca's area | speech production (broken cd player does not make sound) |
| wernicke's area | language comprehension |
| frontal lobe | thought, planning |
| parietal lobe | sensory cortex, sense of touch |
| occipital lobe | vision (optometrist and optical illusion starts with an O) |
| temporary lobe | auditory, sound |
| motor cortex | sends signals to the muscles, controlling voluntary movement; located at the back of the frontal lobe |
| sensory cortex | recieves incoming touch sensations from the body; located at the front of the parietal lobe |
| brain plasticity | specific parts of brain can adapt to perform tasks of other parts of brain, this helps explain phantom limb sensations |
| endocrine system | system of glands that secrete hormones including adrenal (adrenaline), testes (testosterone), ovaries (estrogen) |
| down's syndrome | babies with extra chromosome (form of mental retardation) |
| twin studies | Bouchard found 100 sets of twins separated at birth and raised in different environments |
| cross sectional | studies participants of different ages |
| longitudinal | studies same participant over long period of time |
| maturation | biological influence on development, cannot be learned (ex:walkin, rope climbing) infant motor development usually in same sequence |
| teratogens | chemicals or agents that if ingested by mother can cause harm (ex:fetal alcohol syndrome) |
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