Metabolic Processes/Enzymes
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21 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 activation energy | the energy that is required to drive a chemical reaction |
| catalyst | any substance that accelerates a reaction but doesn't undergo the chemical change itself lowers the activation energy |
| metabolism | chemical reactions that occur in biological systems includes catabolism and anabolism |
| catabolism | the breakdown of substances |
| anabolism | formation of new products/transferring of energy from one substance to another |
| chemical equilibrium | the condition where the rate of reaction in the forward directions equals the rate in the reverse direction, so no net production of reactants and products |
| enzymes | globular proteins that act as catalysts are substrate specific unchanged, are reusable catalyzes a reaction back and forth affected by pH/temperature can be denatured |
| substrate | the substance or substances upon which the enzyme acts |
| induced fit model | explains how an enzyme works there is an active site which the substrate binds to, and the enzyme changes shape to fit around the substrate better. the product is made, and the enzyme returns back to its original shape |
| Cofactors | nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes |
| holoenzyme | the union of a cofactor and the enzyme |
| coenzymes | organic cofactors that usually function to donate or accept some component of a reaction [often electrons] ex: FADH2 & NADH |
| Inorganic cofactors | include metal ions like magnesium |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate common source of activation energy usually last phosphate is broken, and ATP --> ADP are assembled by phosphorylation |
| allosteric enzymes | have 2 binding sites [an active site & an allosteric site] two kinds of allosteric effectors: activator/inhibitor |
| allosteric inhibitor | binds to the enzyme at the allosteric site and induces the enzyme's inactive form |
| allosteric actovator | binds to the enzyme at the allosteric site and induces the enzyme's active form |
| how is feedback inhibition an example of an allosteric inhibitor? | the end product of a series of reactions shuts down one of te enzymes that catalyzes the reaction series |
| competitive inhibition | a substance mimics the substrate and binds to the active site of an enzyme, which inhibits it. displaces the substrate, and doesn't allow the enzyme to catalyze the substance |
| noncompetitive inhibition | the substance inhibits the action of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme at a location other than the active site. changes the shape of the enzyme which disables enzymatic abilities |
| cooperativity | enzyme becomes more receptive to additional substrate molecules after one substrate molecule attaches to the active site occurs when the enzymes consists of 2 or more subunits that each have its own active site. |
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