| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Constantinople | The capitol of Byzantium |
| Justinian | the Byzantine Emperor who developed Justinian's code, built the Hagia Sophia, walls, and the Hippodrome |
| Belisarius | Justinian's top general who reconquered much of Africa |
| Theodora | Justinian's wife who came from humble beginnings and tried to help the common people |
| Procopius | the historian who wrote the Secret history. He did not like Justinian or Theodora |
| Nika Rebellion | When the Blues and the Greens revolted against Justinian. He brought the army in and killed 30,000 people |
| Hagia Sophia | Beautiful church built by Justinian. It means Holy wisdom |
| Hippodrome | the racetrack that could hold 60,000 spectators |
| Plague | deadly disease that broke out during Justinian's rule. It killed 10,000 people per day |
| Justinian's Code | A written law code which was based on roman law. It is still used today. |
| patriarch | Head of the Orthodox Church |
| Icon | religious painting |
| Emperor Theo III | outlawed the use of icons |
| iconoclasts | the soldiers who broke into the church and smashed the icons |
| schism | split in the church in 1054 into Roman Catholic and Orthodox |
| cyrillic alphabet | the new alphabet which combined greek and slavic languages |
| Novrogod | Russia's first city |
| Kiev | The first kingdom of Russia which was ruled by princes |
| Oleg | started the city of Kiev |
| Rus | the slavic word for Viking which means "red" |
| Princess Olga | the Russian ruler of Kiev who converted to Eastern Orthodox |
| Vladimir | Olga's grandson who had a public conversion to Orthodox in the Dneiper River after studying many religions. He also increased the size of Russia |
| Yaroslav the Wise | Vladimir's son who arranged political marriages, trading alliances, legal code, and built churches, and built the first library. |
| Mongols | a ferocious tribe from the steepes of central Asia |
| Ghengis Khan | He united the Mongols and built a huge empire |
| Bhatu Khan | establised the Khante of the Golden Horde in 1240 |
| Alexander Nevsky | a Russian prince who collected taxes for the Mongols, fought off enemies, and put down peasant riots. He was sainted after his death. |
| Moscow | because of its strategic location would become the capitol of Russia |
| boyar | noblemen |
| Prince Ivan I | 1320 helped to put down Russian rebellion against the Mongols. Given the title of tax collector as a reward and became the wealthiest prince. He was known as the "Great Prince" or Ivan Moneybags" |
| czar | Russian term for ruler it comes from Latin caeser |
| Ivan III | The Russian ruler who who started calling himself czar. He made the final break from the Mongols in 1480 and started a long line of rulers. |
| Chief Rurik | The Viking leader who founded Novgorod |
| excommunication | When someone is thrown out of the Church and can not receive their Sacraments. |
| Interdict | When an enitre community is excommunicated |
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