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Cognition - a variety of higher mental processes such as thinking, perceiving, imagining, speaking, acting and planning. Cognitive neuroscience - is a bridging discipline between cognitive science and cognitive psychology on one hand and biology and neuroscience on the other side. Dualism - The belief that mind and brain are made up of different kinds of substance. Dual-aspect theory - The belief that mind and brain are two levels of description of the same thing Reductionism - The belief that mind-based concepts will eventually be replaced by neuroscientific concepts. Phrenology - The failed idea that individual differences in cognition can be mapped on to differences in skull shape. Functional specialization - Different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions. Cognitive neuropsychology -The study of brain-damaged patients to inform theories of normal cognition. Information Processing - An approach in which behavior is described in terms of a sequence of cognitive stages. Interactivity - Later stages of processing can begin before earlier stages are complete Top-Down Processing - The influence of later stages on the processing of earlier ones (e.g. memory influences on perception) Parallel processing - Different information is processed at the same time (i.e. in parallel). Neural network models - Computational models in which information processing occurs using many interconnected nodes. Nodes - The basic units of neural network model that are activated in response to activity in other parts of the network. Temporal Resolution - The accuracy with which one can measure when an event (e.g. a physiological change) occurs. Spatial resolution - The accuracy with which one can measure where an event (e.g. a physiological change) is occurring. Modularity - The notion that certain cognitive processes (or regions of the brain) are restricted in the type of information they process. Domain specificity - The idea that a cognitive process is dedicated solely to one particular type of information (e.g. colors, faces, words).