1.
activated: when phosphorylase kinase is phosphorylated, it becomes:
2.
adaptation: being able to respond to change
3.
adenylyl cyclase: enzyme in plasma membrane that alpha subunit binds to
4.
alpha subunit and beta/gamma dimer: When G protein binds GTP instead of GDP, it dissociates into:
5.
amplification, speed: main advantages of second messengers:
6.
autocrine signaling: cells release signals that affect themselves and nearby target cells OF THE SAME TYPE
7.
autocrine signaling: concentration of this is high when cell density is high, inhibiting further cell growth
8.
calcium-modulated protein: calmodulin stands for:
9.
calmodulin: Ca ions can also bind with protein called ???
10.
cAMP: adenylyl cyclase stimulates production of this second messenger:
11.
carbohydrate breakdown: calmodulin regulates proteins involved in:
12.
cell communication: the process through which cells can detect and respond to signals in their environment
13.
cell surface receptors: receptors found in the plasma membrane that bind to small hydrophilic molecules or large molecules that don't readily pass through the plasma membrane of cells
14.
cell-to-cell communication: the need for cells to communicate with each other
15.
cellular response: adaptation at the cellular level
16.
cellular response, cell-to-cell communication: two types of cell communication
17.
conformational changes: What occurs from protein to protein within the relay proteins?
18.
contact-dependent signaling: membrane-bound signals bind to receptors on adjacent cells
19.
contact-dependent signaling: neurons growing and making contact with other neurons is an example of:
20.
contraction: PKC phosphorylates proteins involved in:
21.
diacylglycerol, inositol triphosphate: two second messengers that can affect cells by altering the levels of calcium in the cell
22.
direct intercellular signaling: signals pass through a cell junction from the cytosol of one cell to adjacent cells
23.
direct intercellular signaling: cardiac muscle cells passing electrical signals through gap junctions is an example of:
24.
direct transcription factor: estrogen is an example of a
25.
DNA: estrogen-receptor dimer binds directly to ??? and activates transcription of certain genes
26.
endocrine signaling: cells release signals that travel long distances to affect target cells
27.
enzyme-linked receptors: receptors found in all living species
28.
enzyme-linked receptors, G protein coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels: three types of cell surface receptors
29.
enzymes: intracellular target; cellular response is altered metabolism/breakdown of molecules
30.
enzymes, structural proteins, transcription factors: three categories of proteins that are controlled by cell signaling
31.
epidermal growth factor: EGF stands for
32.
ER lumen: what contains higher concentration of Ca ions, ER lumen or cytosol?
33.
extracellular, intracellular: two important domains of enzyme-linked receptors
34.
first messengers: signaling molecules that bind to a cell surface receptor
35.
G protein coupled receptors: receptors found in all eukaryotic species
36.
G proteins: named for the ability to bind GTP and GDP
37.
glycogen phosphorylase: the function of phosphorylase kinase is to activate another enzyme in the cell called:
38.
Grb, Sos, Ras: three relay proteins
39.
growth factor: type of hormone, protein ligand that acts as a signaling molecule that stimulate cell growth/division
40.
hormones: molecules involved in long-distance signaling, can affect all cells in body
41.
indirect transcription factor: auxin is an example of an
42.
inhibited: when glycogen synthase is phosphorylated, it becomes:
43.
inhibitory proteins: auxin causes breakdown of ??? ???
44.
ligand: a signaling molecule that binds noncovalently to the receptor molecule with a high degree of specificity
45.
ligand receptor complex: binding between ligand and receptor, occurs when they collide in the correct orientation with enough energy
46.
ligand-gated ion channels: when signaling molecules bind to this type of receptor, the channel opens and allows the flow of ions through the membrane
47.
ligand-gated ion channels: receptor found in animal, plant, and fungal cells
48.
lipid anchored: What type of protein is a G protein?
49.
mitogen-activated protein kinases: Raf, Mek, and Erk all examples of:
50.
mitogens: agents that cause a cell to divide
51.
multipass proteins: GPCRs are ??? ???, the traverse the entire membrane 7 types, wind back and forth
52.
Myc, Fos: two transcription factors that are phosphorylated by Erk
53.
nerve-muscle, nerve-nerve, Ca: three things ligand gated ion channels are important for
54.
noncovalently: do ligands bind covalently or noncovalently to receptors?
55.
nucleus: estrogen enters the cell by diffusing through the plasma membrane and traveling to a receptor in the:
56.
paracrine signaling: cells release signaling molecules that do not affect themselves but affect nearby target cells for short durations of time
57.
phosphodiesterase: converts cAMP to AMP when signal is no longer present and process is reversed
58.
phospholipase C: enzyme that breaks covalent bond in phospholipid to produce DAG and IP3
59.
phosphorylase kinase, glycogen synthase: in skeletal muscle cells (epinephrine), PKA phosphorylates these two enzymes:
60.
phosphorylation: What occurs from protein to protein in protein kinase cascade?
61.
phototropism: the phenomenon in which plants grow toward light
62.
prevent glycogen synthesis: the effect of cAMP in skeletal muscle cells is to:
63.
protein kinase A: effect of cAMP is to activate:
64.
protein kinase C, DAG: Ca ions can bind to these two molecules, activating the kinase
65.
protein kinase cascade: involves sequential activation of multiple protein kinases
66.
protein kinases: enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to specific amino acids in a protein
67.
protein kinases: most enzyme-linked receptors function as;
68.
protein phosphatases: enzymes responsible for removing phosphate groups from proteins, which reverse the effects of PKA
69.
Raf, Mek, Erk: protein kinase cascade
70.
receptor: a cellular protein that recognizes a signal, changes conformation, and leads to a response
71.
receptor activation, signal transduction pathway, cellular response: three stages of cells responding to signals
72.
receptor tyrosine kinases: category of enzyme-linked receptors found in all animals and choanoflagellates
73.
regulatory: cAMP binds to and separates the ??? subunits of PKA
74.
relay proteins, protein kinase cascade, transcription factors: three components of receptor tyrosine kinase/EGF pathway
75.
releases GDP, binds GTP: Ras does this:
76.
second messengers: small molecules or ions that relay signals inside the cell, very short duration
77.
signal: an agent that can influence the properties of cells
78.
signal transduction pathway: initial signal is converted, or transduced to a different signal inside the cell, proteins undergo series of changes that may result in the production of an intracellular signaling molecule
79.
structural proteins: intracellular target; cellular response is altered cell shape or movement
80.
synaptic signaling: when neurotransmitters are released at the end of the neuron and traverse a narrow space called the synapse
81.
TIR1: binding of auxin in the cytosol activates
82.
transcription factor: protein that regulates the transcription of genes
83.
transcription factors: proteins that regulate the transcription of genes
84.
transcription factors: intracellular target; cellular response is altered gene expression, changes in sexual characteristics, changes in types/amounts of proteins in cell
85.
two catalytic subunits, two regulatory subunits: PKA is composed of:
86.
yes: can ligand and receptor dissociate?
