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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 activation energy (triangle G) | The amount of energy (in joules) required to convert all the molecules in 1 mole of a reacting substance from the ground state to the transition state. |
| activity | The true thermodynamic activity potential of a substance, as distinct from its molar concentration????????? |
| activity coefficient | The factor by which the numerical value of the concentration of a solute must be multiplied to give its thermodynamic activity. |
| ADP (adenosine diphosphate) | A ribonucleoside 5' -diphosphate serving as phosphate group acceptor in the cell energy cycle. |
| anabolism | The phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-requiring biosynthesis of cell components from smaller precursors. |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | A ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate functioning as a phosphate group donor in the cell energy cycle; carries chemical energy between metabolic pathways by serving as a shared intermediate coupling endergonic and exergonic reactions. |
| cDNA library | DNA library consisting entirely of cloned cDNAs from a particular organism or cell type. |
| central dogma | The organizing principle of molecular biology: genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. |
| cloning | The production of large numbers of identical DNA molecules, cells, or organisms, from a single ancestral DNA molecule, cell, or organism. |
| coenzyme | An organic cofactor required for the action of certain enzymes; often contains a vitamin as a component. |
| complementary DNA (cDNA) | A DNA used in DNA cloning, usually made by reverse transcriptase; complementary to a given mRNA. |
| denaturation | Partial or complete unfolding of the specific native conformation of a polypeptide chain, protein, or nucleic acid. |
| DNA ligase | An enzyme that creates a phophodiester bond between the 3' end of one DNA segment and the 5' end of another. |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes template-dependent synthesis of DNA from its deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphophate precursors. |
| DNA replicase system | The entire complex of enzymes and specialized proteins required in biological DNA replication. |
| DNA supercoiling | The coliling of DNA upon itself, generally as a result of bending, underwinding, or overwinding of the DNA helix. |
| double helix | The natural coiled conformation of two complementary, antiparallel DNA ____. |
| electrophoresis | Movement of charged solutes in response to an electrical field; often used to separate mixtures of ions, proteins, or nucleic acids. |
| enthalpy (H) | The heat content of a system. |
| enthalpy change (ΔH) | For a reaction, is approximately equal to the difference between the energy used to break bonds and the energy gained by the formation of new ones. |
| entropy (S) | The extent of randomness or disorder in a system. |
| enzyme | A biomolecule, either protein or RNA, that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction. It does not affect the equilibrium of the catalyzed reaction; it enhances the rate of a reaction by providing a reaction path with a lower activation energy. |
| equilibrium | The state of a system in which no further net change is occurring; the free energy is at a minimum. |
| equilibrium constant (Keq) | A constant, characteristic for each chemical reaction; relates the specific concentrations of all reactants and products at equilibrium at a given temperature and pressure. |
| FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) | The coenzyme of some oxidation-reduction enzymes; contains riboflavin. |
| flavin nucleotides | Nucleotide coenzymes (FMN and FAD) containing riboflavin. |
| FMN (flavin mononucleeotide) | Riboflavin phosphate, a coenzyme of certain oxidation-reduction enzymes. |
| free energy (G) | The component of the total energy of a system that can do work at constant temperature and pressure. |
| Free-energy change (ΔG) | The amount of free energy released (negative ΔG) or absorbed (positive ΔG) in a reaction at constant temperature and pressure. |
| gene expression | Transcription, and in the case of proteins, translation, to yield the product of a gene; a gene is expressed when its biological product is present and active. |
| genetic code | The set of triplet code words in DNA (or mRNA) coding for the amino acids of proteins. |
| genetic information | The hereditary information contained in a sequence of nucleotide bases in chromosomal DNA or RNA. |
| glycosidic bonds | Bonds between a sugar and another molecule (typically an alcohol, purine, pyrimidine, or sugar) through an intervening oxygen. |
| helicase | An enzyme that catalyzes the separation of strands in a DNA molecule before replication. |
| hydrogen bond | A weak electrostatic attraction between one electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen) and a hydrogen atom covalently linked to a second electronegative atom. |
| hydrolysis | Cleavage of a bond, sucha s an anhydride or peptide bond, by the addition of the elements of water, yielding two or more products. |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | A class of RNA molecules, each of which is complementary to one strand of DNA; carries the genetic message from the chromosome to the ribosomes. |
| mismatch repair | An enzymatic system for repairing base mismatches in DNA. |
| monosaccharide | A carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar unit. |
| nucleotide | A nucleoside phosphorylated at one of its pentose hydroxyl groups. |
| oligosaccharide | Several monosaccharide groups joined by glycosidic bonds. |
| oxidation | The loss of electrons from a compound. Types: alpha, beta and w. |
| oxidative phosphorylation | The enzymatic phosphorylation of ADP to ATP coupled to electron transfer from a substrate to molecular oxygen. |
| radioactive isotope | An isotopic form of an element with an unstable nucleus that stabilizes itself by emitting ionizing radiation. |
| replication | Synthesis of daughter nucleic acid molecules identical to the parental nucleic acids. |
| RNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA from ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates, using a strand of DNA or RNA as a template. |
| silent mutation | A mutation in a gene that causes no detectable change in the biological characteristics of the gene product. |
| transcription | The enzymatic process whereby the genetic information contained in one strand of DNA is used to specify a complementary sequence of bases in an mRNA chain. |
| translation | The process in which the genetic information present in an mRNA molecule specifies the sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. |
| vector | A DNA molecule known to replicate autonomously in a host cell, to which a segment of DNA may be spliced to allow its replication; for example, a plasmid or an artificial chromosome. |
| x-ray crystallography | The analysis of x-ray diffraction patterns of a crystalline compound, used to determine the molecule's three-dimensional structure. |
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