| Term | Definition |
|---|
| transcontinental railroad | a railroad that spans the continent from ocean to ocean |
| William Becknell | a missouri trader, led the 1st wagon train pulled by mules on the Santa Fe Trail in 1821 |
| Santa Fe Trail | began in Independence, Missouri and endend in Santa Fe, California, (1848) discovery of gold @ sutler's mill which caused a flood of people to make a journey to the W coast |
| Texas Road | "Osage Trace", passed by what is now Vinta, then followed the Grand River by Salina into Texas (Highway 69 follows today), white traders and settlers headed W and S and Osage Trace became Texas Road |
| California Road | in 1849, Capt. Randolph B Marcy and troops took 500 gold seekers down Calf. road from Ft Smith to Santa Fe (sandstone built for landmark) |
| Rock Mary | hill/sandstone named after Mary, who was on Macey's trip down California trail. The young officers tried to impress her by naming the sandstone after her. |
| Butlerfield Overland Mail Road | delivery mail route entered OK near Ft Smith to Boggy Depot crossing Texas Road and South to Colbert's Ferry across the Red River |
| states rights | tariffs on goods (imported and expored) were viewed differently by N and S states-the Issue of it all |
| Compromise of 1850 | proposed by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, settled Texas-New Mexico boundary, TX recieved $10 mil to pay off debts to Mexico, N boundary Texas panhandle established territory of New Mexico and Utah were organized, Calif = free state, new fugitive slave act was passed which said all citizens were to help recover fugitive slaves |
| Popular sovereignty | allowed those living in KS and NB to decide for themselves if they wanted slavery |
| Confederate States | Miss., FL., AL., Georgia, Louis., TX., and S Car. |
| Albert Pike | commissioner of indian affairs, a popular ark attorney and journalist, sent to negotiate with tribes in May 1861, travled with McCulloch to meet with Cherokee Chief John Ross at Park Hill to sign treaty with Confederacy and with other tribes...it was a success |
| John Ross | cherokee chief, signed the treaty with Albert Pike joining the Confederate cause |
| Stand Watie | Ross's long time rival, drilling group of mixed blood cherokee horsemen to fight for the Conf., Waties's regiment was called: Cherokee Mounted Rifles |
| Opotheyahola | Upper Creek leader, wanted to stay in Union, known as "Loyal Creek" |
| James Blunt | Union General who fought Cooper's Confederate forces where Cooper's troops retreated to Fort Wayne and held a surprise attack driving Cooper out of Fort Wayne, he had a Fort named after him- Fort Blunt |
| Pea Ridge | Union forces won a decisive battle here in March 1862, General Curtis and troops of 10,000 defeated General McCulloch and Pike and troops of 16,000, Pike retreated into I.T. and set up Fort MCculloch |
| Fort Blunt | Union had recaptured Ft Gibson, troops built a mile-long, 28 gun earthwork (a fortification of earth) called Fort Blunt on a hill above Fort Gibson |
| The Battle at Honey Springs | the largest and most decisive Civil war battle in Indian Territory, on a growing list of Union victories |
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