Data

Copy and paste the text below. It is read-only. Select All

Basic concept of lungs Intake of oxygen. Release of carbon dioxide ____ consumes oxygen as the final electron accepter from electron transport Cellular respiration ___ and ____ produce carbon dioxide Glycolysis and Krebs cycle ___ is also removed by respiration water 5 general functions of respiration gas exchange, sound, release of heat, sense of smell, ph regulation ph regulation is controlled by carbon dioxide levels in the blood list the path air follows starting with the nose nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli the nose contains hair and sebaceous glands air enters through the external nares (nostrils) what bones make up the nasal cavity floor mxillae and palatine What bones make up the roof of the nose cribiform plate of ethmoid and nasal bones Lateral walls of the nose 4 conchae or nasal turbinates What do conchae do increase surface area of the mucus membranes lining the nasal cavity Seperates nasal halves nasal septum Nasal septum made up of what bones perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer Nasal cvity is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar Goblet cells in nose secrete mucus mucus job trap inhaled particles. lysozymes in mucus kill bacteria Functions of the nasal cavity air passage, filter, warm, moisten, and smell Smell receptors are located in the roof and walls of the nasal cavity ____ acts as a resonating chamber sinuses Sinuses air containing spaces in the skull which open into the nasal cavity Sinuses are lined with mucus membranes Sinus functions to lighten the skull and resonance chamber for sound Throat from nasal cavity to larynx pharynx Pharynx passageway for food, air, and swallowing 3 divisions of the pharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx Nasopharynx dorsal to soft palate, posterior to nasal cavity. contains ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells Carries only air nasopharynx Oropharynx from soft palate to hyoid bone Contains the uvula oropharynx Opens into the oral cavity oropharynx Oropharynx and laryngopharynx These both carry food and air and are lined with stratified squamous cells Laryngopharynx from hyoid bone to cricoid cartilage 3 sets of tonsils pharyngeal, palintine, and lingual Tonsils are masses of lymphatic tissue Located in the nasopharynx pharyngeal Also called the adenoids pharyngeal Located in the oropharynx palintine Located at the base of the tongue lingual Tonsils protect us from infectious organisms in food, water, and air Larynx cartilaginous box inferior to the pharynx Starts at the base of the tongue larynx How many pieces of cartilage mad up the larynx 9 Thyroid cartilage forms the adams apple (laryngeal prominence) Cricoid cartilage only one that forms a complete ring around larynx, below thyroid cartilage Epiglottis above the thyroid cartilage. Leaf shaped, elastic cartilage, extends over the larynx epiglottis Covers the superior opening of the larynx during swallowing epiglottis Vocal cords part of the larynx, inside larynx. posterior to the thyroid cartilage ___ are folds of soft tissue that project into the lumen of the larynx vocal cords Vestibular vocal folds false vocal cords Superior to true vocal cords false vocal cords True vocal cords has two folds with a horizontal slit between them Glottis slit in true vocal cords This opens and closes to prevent food and drink from entering trachea glottis As air passes over them, they vibrate and make sounds true vocal cords Trachea from larynx to bronchial tree Windpipe trachea About 1 inch diameter by 4.5 inches long trachea Trachea made up of Containes 16-20 rings of cartilage to give it support. some incomplete rings make a C Bronchial tree branches off trachea, from trachea to alveoli Begins with two, one left, one right bronchial tree Primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi 2 secondary bronchi from left primary bronchus 3 seconday bronchi from right primary bronchus Each secondary bronchus goes to one lobe of the lungs Secondary bronchi give rise to many bronchioles These bud from bronchioles alveoli Bronchiole walls contain no cartilage and smooth muscle Microscopic sacs budding off from bronchioles alveoli Small airways leading into clusters of alveoli alveolar ducts Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli Each alveolus is covered by a jacket of pulmonary capillaries Alveoli contain cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant Pathogen control in alveoli macrophages phagocytize particles that make it to the lungs Left lung is ____ and has ____ lobes smaller 2 Right lung is ____ and has _____ lobes bigger 4 Names of 2 left lobes cranial and caudal Names of 4 right lobes cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory Parietal pleura attached to inside of thorasic cavity Visceral pleura attached to outside of lung the type of fluid that the pleural cavity is filled with serous fluid (pleural fluid) 3 qualities of the pleural cavity actually no space between parietal and visceral, just a thin layer of fluid, serous fluid prevents friction 2 layers muscle of ribs external intercostals, internal intercostals external intercostals contracts during inspiration, lifts ribs up & down during contractions, enlarges the thoracic cavity internal intercostals contract during deep expiration, pull ribs down and in during contraction and squeezes thoracic cavity diaphragm contains large smooth muscle shape of diaphragm dome shaped (less with contracted) location of diaphragm inferior floor of thoracic cavity 2 parts of pulmonary ventilation inspiration and expiration inspiration taking in of air expiration letting out of air atmospheric pressure w inspiration 760 mm Hg lung pressure <normal air will be sucked in, gasses flow from high pressure to low pressure diaphragm contracts external intercostal muscles contract, increases volume of thoracic cavity, boyles law boyles law P1V1= P2V2 P1V1= P2V2 as volume increases, pressure decreases relative pressure (boyles law) pressure decreases by about 3mm Hg (large pressure change) with inspiration (-3mm Hg) & increases with expiration by about 3mm Hg (to then = +3 mm Hg) intrapulmonary pressure decrease in pressure in the alveoli describe effects of intrapulomary pressure surfactants in serous fluid helps to lower the surface tension of the fluid, KEEPS THE ALVEOLI FROM CONTRACTING, as result the air enters lungs & fills aveoli ___ causes expiration elastic recoil of tissues, diaphragm relaxes, surface tension also causes alveoli to contract elastic recoil of tissues the thoracic cavity walls & lungs contain elastic tissue, the tissue causes thoracic cavity & lungs to return to the original shape after inspiration effect that expiration has on air in lung forces air out due to increased pressure expiration is a passive process due to ____ relaxation and surface tension forced inspiration due to ____ intercostals external forced expiration due to ___ intercoastals internal tidal volume (TV) - amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one normal breath volume amount of tidal volume about 500mL residual volume RV- the amount of air left in lung after the hardest forced expiration volume amount of residual volume 1300mL purpose of residual volume for body to keep the lungs from collapse inspiratory reserve volume IRV - the amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort volume amount of IRV about 3000 mL expiratory reserve volume ERV- the amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort volume amount of ERV about 1200mL minute respiratory volume MRV- the amount of air inhaled per minute alveolar ventilation rate MRV = TV x respiratory rate (mL/breath X breaths/min = mL/breath) control of breathing- kinds neural, chemical neural control of breathing nervous system controlled chemical control of breathing oxygen, carbon dioxide levels & pH system controlling neutral mechanisms both the involuntary & the voluntary voluntary system originates where (breathing) cerebral cortex controls breathing during eating, vocalizing voluntary system ___ can override involunatry system voluntary involuntary system originates where? in the medulla and pons of brain system that controls normal breathing involuntary system that has rhythmic breathing involuntary involuntary system is regulated by.... the metabolic needs of the body high resp rate= __ CO2 in blood decrease low resp rate= ___ O2 in blood increase normal expiration= ___ process passive major factors for involuntary breathing medullary rhythmicity centers, pneumotaxic center, respiratory reflexes medullary rhythmicity centers purpose sets rhythm for inspiration and expiration location of medullary rhythmicity center in medulla oblongata 2 parts of medullary rhythmicity center dorsal respiratory group & ventral respiratory group I neurons found in ___ group dorsal respiratory group -- (inspiratory center) dorsal respiratory group I neurons, inspiratory, fire during inspiration inspiratory center AKA? dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group location in ventral medulla ventral respiratory group usually silent, in ventral medulla, expiratory center expiratory center AKA? ventral respiratory group E neurons function during __ only forced expiration, NOT during normal expiration expiratory center is made up of? I neurons surrounded by E neurons E neurons inhibit __ during forced exp I neurons phrenic nerve goes from diaphragm & intercostal muscles. fibers from the E neurons travel down spinal cord & synapse with neurons here pneumotaxic center location in Pons pneumotaxic center function results in rapid, shallow breathing, constantly inhibits dorsal resp center, increased activity in pneumotaxic cnt=__ resp faster, shallow breathing or resp decreased activity in pneumotaxic cnt=__ resp slower, deeper breathing or resp respiratory reflexes consist of__ reflexes? inflation reflex and joint reflexes Hering- Breur... aka? inflation reflex function of inflation reflex stretch receptors in smooth muscle of lungs are stimulated when lung inflates, send impulses to medulla inspiratory center to inhibit inspiration, keep lungs from overinflating during exercise inflation reflux NOT used in __ breathing normal function of joint reflexes helps control breathing during exercise, increase resp rate when stimulated joint reflexes receptors are found where? in tendons around joints joint reflexes is the principle behind what? passive manipulation of bed ridden patients acid out= __ pH increase acid in=__pH decrease 2 chemical mechanisms locations in medulla, in carotid arteries and aorta function of medulla chemical mechanism used ALL the time to regulate respiration cells in medulla are sensitive to___ in blood pH if blood pH decreases= ___ resp rate increased decreased resp causes a build up of what? CO2 in blood what effect does increased Co2 in blood have it forms carbonic acid which then releases H+ causing the ph decrease (acid environment) increased resp rate= ___ CO2 level of blood decreased decreased CO2 in blood=___ pH increases blowing off CO2 ___ carbonic acid production decreases blood pH increases= resp rate ___ decreases cells are sensitive to CO2? True or False false.. they are sensitive to H+ ___ loves you most my wifey function of chem mech in carotid art & aorta send impulses to medulla to stimulate breathing rate when is chem mech in carotid art & aorta used rarely used, oxygen has to be very low, mainly used in chronic O2 deprivation low levels of O2 in blood stimulates this.. receptors in the carotid arteries and the aorta. this sends impulses to the medulla to increase breathing rate. situation carotid art/ aorta chem mech needed asthma attack 2 kinds of gas exchange external and internal external gas exchange between blood and atmospheric air in alveoli internal gas exchange between blood and tissues atmospheric air pressure total 760mm Hg % of oxygen in atmospheric air 21% % of nitrogen in atmospheric air 78% % of gases other then O2 & nitrogen in air 1% atmospheric air consists of? 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and 1% of 'other' gases INCLUDING CO2 occurs across respiratory membrane external respiration alveolar gas exchange AKA external respiration what drives ext. respiration? driven by diffusion diffusion gases go from high conc to low concentrations concept of partial pressure is based on ____ Daltons Law of Partial pressures Daltons Law of Partical pressures in a mixture of gases the partical pressure of any gas is proportional to its concentration in the mixture a 'P' designates what under Daltons Law it designates the partical pressure when it is in front of a chemical symbol for the gas O2 & CO2 move across the resp membrane ... from region of higher partical pressure to lower partical pressure internal respiration AKA.. systemic gas exchange internal respiration the unloading of O2 and the loading of CO2 in the blood and tissues % of O2 released frm blood w internal resp 22% ? amount of PCO2 in tissue frm aerobic resp PCO2 50mm Hg can sustain life for ___ w reserve O2 4-5 minutes without respiration venous reserve O2 left in th blood after the blood leaves the capilary bed oxyhemoglobin hemoglobin molecule with one or more O2's bound to it oxygen loading occurs where in lungs, in arterial blood % of O2 bound to hemoglobin w O2 loading 98.5% % of O2 that is dissolved in plasma,O2loading 1.5% # of heme groups in hemoglobin molecule 4 heme group can each bind ___ O2 1 total # of O2 hemoglobin molecule can hold 4 number of O2 when hemaglobin 100% sat 4- O2 number of O2 when hemaglobin is 75% sat 3- O2 number of O2 when hemglobin is 50% sat 2-O2 number of O2 when hemaglobin is 25% sat 1- O2 oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve relationship between PO2 and Hb saturation effect O2 binding has on oxyhemo dissoc curv curve rises rapidly as each O2 binds effect of oxyhemo dis curve rising has on O2 as the curve rises the O2 binding make it easier for the next O2 to bind, etc. etc.... when does the curve level off? (oxy dis curv) at 100% saturation % of O2 given to tissue after blood saturation 22% considered low PO2 level in tissue 40 mmHg at low PO2, O2 does what in tissue comes of Hb and diffuse into the tissue % of saturation as O2 arrives in capillaries 97% % of saturation as O2 leaves capillaries 75% % of O2 saturation given to capillary by blood 22% ___ determines carbonic acid = pH CO ___ determines CO2 = blood pH resp rate CO2 unloading in lungs H2CO3 tends to give up less CO2 in alveoli then hbCO2 and dissolved CO2 3 forms CO2 carried in blood 90% carbonic acid, 5% binds to proteins in blood (esp Hb), 5% dissolve as a gas in the plasma T or F- CO2 can bind to hbO2 true T or F- Hb can carry O2 & CO2 at same time true (Hb + CO2 --> HbCO2) CO2 can bind to heme false name for HbCO2 carbaminohemoglobin name for H2CO3 carbonic acid CO2 + H2O > H2CO3 occurs where? occurs SLOWLY in plasma, catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells H2CO3 gives up less CO2 in alveoli then ? hbCO2 and dissolved CO2