Biology Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
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75 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 morphology | an organism's external form |
| tissue | an integrated group of cells with a common function, structure or both |
| organ | a specialized center of body function composed of several types of tissues |
| root system | all of a plant's roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food |
| shoot system | the aerial portion of a plant's body consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers |
| root | an organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil |
| taproot | a main vertical root that develops from an embryonic root and gives rise to lateral (branch roots) |
| lateral root | a root that arises form the pericycle of an established root |
| root hair | a tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals |
| adventitious | describes a plant organ that grows in an unusual location, such as roots arising from stems or leaves |
| stem | a vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures |
| node | a point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached |
| internode | a segment of a plant system between the points where leaves are attached |
| axillary bud | a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem |
| apical bud | a bud at the tip of a plant stem; also called a terminal bud |
| apical dominance | concentration of growth at the tip of the plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth |
| leaf | the main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants |
| blade | the flattened portion of a typical leaf |
| petiole | the stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem |
| vein | a vascular bundle in a leaf |
| tissue system | one or more tissues organized into a functional unit connecting the organs of a plant |
| dermal tissue system | the outer protective covering of plants |
| epidermis | the dermal tissue system of nonwoody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells |
| cuticle | a waxy covering of the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation that prevents dessication in terrestrial plants |
| periderm | the protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium |
| vascular tissue system | a transport system formed by xylem and phloem throughout a vascular plant |
| xylem | vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant |
| phloem | vascular tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plants |
| stele | vascular tissue of a stem or root |
| ground tissue system | plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support |
| pith | ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchymal cells that form the central core of the vascular cyclinder |
| cortex | ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem |
| parenchyma cell | a relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type |
| collenchyma cell | a flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth |
| sclerenchyma cell | a rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking a protoplast and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity |
| sclereid | a short, irregular sclerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats |
| fiber | a lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles |
| tracheid | a long, tapered water-conducting cell found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants; dead at maturity |
| vessel element | short, wide water conducting cell found in the xylem of most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants; dead at maturity |
| vessel | continuous water-conducting micropipe found in most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants |
| sieve-tube elements | a living cell that conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem of angiosperms |
| sieve plates | an end wall in a sieve tube element, which facilitates the flow of phloem sap in angiosperm sieve tubes |
| companion cell | a type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve tube elements |
| indeterminate growth | type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives |
| determinate growth | a type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached |
| annuals | a flowering plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single year or growing season |
| biennial | a flowering plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle |
| perennial | flowering plant that lives for many years |
| meristem | plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth |
| apical meristem | embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and the buds of shoots; allow plant to grow in length |
| primary growth | growth produced by apical meristems, lengthening stems and roots |
| secondary growth | growth produced by lateral meristems, thickening the roots and shoots of woody plants |
| lateral meristem | meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants; vascular cambium and cork cork cambium are examples |
| vascular cambium | a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem |
| cork cambium | a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells |
| primary plant body | the tissues produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots |
| root cap | a cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem |
| endodermis | innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder |
| pericycle | outermost layer in the vascular cylinder from which lateral roots arise |
| leaf primordia | finger-like projection along the flank of a shoot apical meristem, form which a leaf arises |
| stomata | microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant |
| guard cells | 2 cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore |
| mesophyll | ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis |
| secondary plant body | tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium, which thick the stems and roots of woody plants |
| lenticels | small raised area in the bark of stems and roots that enables gas exchange between the living cells and outside air |
| bark | all tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm |
| morphogenesis | development of body shape and organization |
| preprophase band | microtubules in the cortex of a cell that are concentrated into a ring |
| pattern formation | development of a multicellular organism's spatial organization, the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space |
| positional information | molecular cues that control pattern formation in an animal or plant embryonic structure by indicating a cell's location relative to the organism's body axes |
| polarity | a lack of symmetry; structural differences in opposite ends of an organism or structure, such as the root end and shoot end of a plant |
| phase changes | a shift from one developmental phase to another |
| meristem identity gene | a plant gene that promotes the switch from vegetative growth to flowering |
| organ identity gene | a plant homeotic gene that uses positional information to determine which emerging leaves develop into which types of floral organs |
| ABC model | model of flower formation identifying 3 classes of organ identity genes that direct formation of the four types of floral organs |
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