Ch11 Endocrine System
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mimimomo2011 on April 8, 2011
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95 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Endocrine System | adrenal glands, ovaries, pancreas, parathyroid glands, pineal gland, pituitary gland, testes, thymus gland, thyroid gland |
| Endocrine System Function | secrete hormones that regulate many body activities such as metabolic rate, water and mineral balance, immune system reactions, and sexual functioning. |
| Endocrine system | a collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. It's instrumental in maintaining homeostasis (adjusting the activity level of most of the tissues and organs of the body to maintain a stable internal environment) |
| Hormones | chemicals that act on their target organs to either increase or decrease the target's activity level |
| Exocrine glands | release their secretions into a duct that carries them to the outside of the body, ex: sweat glands release sweat into a sweat duct that travels to the surface of the body. |
| Endocrine glands | release hormones directly into the bloodstream. They are referred to as ductless glands. |
| The outer adrenal cortex | manufactures mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones. They are referred to as corticosteroids |
| Mineralocorticoids hormone | Aldosterone: regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels in the body |
| Glucocorticoids hormone | Cortisol: regulates carbohydrates in the body |
| Sex hormones | androgens, estrogen, and progesterone: regulate secondary sexual characteristics. All hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are steroid hormones. |
| The inner adrenal medulla | secretes the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. These hormones help the body perform better during emergencies or otherwise stressful times. |
| Gonads | organs that produce gametes or the reproductive sex cells, ex: ova in female |
| Ovaries | produce estrogen and progesterone |
| Estrogen | responsible for the appearance of the female sexual characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle |
| Progesterone | helps to maintain a suitable uterine environment for prognancy |
| Pancreas | The only organ in the body that has both endocrine and exocrine functions. Exocrine portion: releases digestive enzymes through a duct into the duodenum of the small intestine. |
| Islet of Langerhans in pancreas | the endocrine sections of the pancreas. produce insulin and glucagon |
| Insulin | Produced by beta islet cells, stimulates the cells of the body to take in glucose from the bloodstream, lowering your blood sugar level. This occurs after you have eaten a meal and absorbed the carbohydrates into your bloodstream. The cells obtain the glucose they need for cellular respiration. |
| Alpha cells of Islet cells | secretes glucagon, which stimulates the liver to release glucose, thereby raising the blood glucose level |
| Glucagon | is released when the body needs more sugar. |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | secreted by parathyroid glands to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood. If blood calcium levels fall too low, parathyroid hormone levels in the blood are increased and will stimulate bone breakdown to release more calcium into the blood. |
| Melatonin | Is secreted by the pineal gland to regulate the body's circadian rhythm. |
| The pituitary gland | Divided into an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe. Both lobes are controlled by the hypothalamus, a region of the brain active in regulating automatic body responses. |
| Growth hormone (GH) | Also called somatotropin, promotes growth of the body by stimulating cells to rapidly increase in size and devide. |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Regulates the function of the thyroid gland |
| Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) | Regulates the function of the adrenal cortex |
| Prolactin (PRL) | Stimulates milk production in the breast following pregnancy and birth |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH) | Both are referred to as gonadotropins |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | Is responsible for the development of ova and sperm. Also stimulates the ovary to secrete estrogen. |
| Luteining Hormone | Stimulates secretion of sex hormones in both males and females and plays a role in releasing ova in females. |
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | Stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin, thereby darkening the skin. |
| The posterior pituitary | Secretes antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
| Antidiuretic hormone (AHD) | Promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules. |
| Oxytocin | Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery, and after birth the release of milk from the mammary glands. |
| Testosterone | Produces the male secondary sexual characteristics and regulates sperm production. |
| Thymus | Secretes thymosin, which is important for proper development of the immune system. The thymus is present at birth and grows to its largest size during puberty. At puberty it begins to shrink and eventually is replaced with connective and adipose tissue. Thymus is essential to the growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells. |
| Thyroid gland | Produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine ( T3). These hormones are produced in the thyroid gland from the mineral iodine to help regulate the production of energy and heat in the body to adjust the body's metabolic rate. |
| Calcitonin | Secreted by the thyroid gland to respond to hypercalcemia (too high blood calcium level). Opposite of parathyroid hormone. |
| Acidosis | Excessive acidity of body fluids due to the accumulation of acids, as in diabetic acidosis. |
| Edema | Condition in which the body tissues contain excessive amounts of fluid. |
| Endocrinology | Branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of endocrine glands. Physician is an endocrinologist. |
| Exophthalmos | Condition in which the eyeballs protrude, such as in Graves' disease. This is generally caused by an overproduction of thyroid hormone. |
| Gynecomastia | Development of breast tissue in males. May be a symptom of adrenal feminization. |
| Hirsutism | Condition of having an excessive amount of hair. Term generally used to describe females who have the adult male pattern of hair growth. Can be the result of a hormonal imbalance. |
| Hypersecretion | Excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland. |
| Hyposecretion | Deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland |
| Obesity | Having and abnormal amount of fat in the body |
| Syndrome | Group of symptoms and signs that, when combined, present a clinical picture of a disease or condition. |
| Addison's disease | Disease named for British physician Thomas Addison that results from a deficiency in adrenocortical hormones. There may be increased pigmentation of the skin, generalized weakness, and weight loss. |
| Adrenal feminization | Development of female secondary sexual characteristics (sch as breasts) in a male. Often as a result of increased estrogen secretion by the adrenal cortex. |
| Adrenal virilism | Development of male secondary sexual characteristics (such as deeper voice and facial hair) in a female. Often as a results of increased androgen secretion by the adrenal cortex. |
| Cushing's syndrome | Set of symptoms, named after U.S. neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing, that results from hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex. This may be the result of a tumor of the adrenal glands. The syndrome may present symptoms of weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, and osteoporosis. |
| Pheochromocytoma | Usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secrets epinephrine. Symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea. |
| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria. There are two distinct forms of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2. |
| Diabetic retinopathy | Secondary complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels of the retina, resulting in visual changes and even blindness. |
| Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) | Also called type 1 diabetes mellitus. It develops early in life when the pancreas stops insulin production. Patient must take daily insulin injection. |
| Insulinoma | Tumor of the islets of Langerhans cells of the pancreas that secretes an excessive amount of insulin. |
| Ketoacidosis | Also called diabetic acidosis. Acidosis due to an excess of acidic ketone bodies (waste products). A serious condition requiring immediate treatment that can results in death for the diabetic patient of not reversed. |
| Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | Also called type 2 diabetes mellitus. It typically develops later in life. The pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin, but the cells fail to respond to it. Patients may take oral hypoglucemics to improve insulin function, or may eventually have to take insulin. |
| Peripheral neuropathy | Damage to the nerves in the lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes mellitus. Symptoms inlcude either extreme sensitivity or numbness and tingling. |
| Tetany | Nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps resulting from hypocalcemia. Hypoparathyroidism is one cause of tetany. |
| Recklinghausen disease | Excessive production of parathyoid hormone, which results in degeneration of the bones. Named for German histologist Friedrich von Recklinghausen. |
| Acromegaly | Chronic disease of adults that results in an elongation and enlargement of the bones of the head and extremities. There can also be mood changes. Due to an excessive amount of growth hormone in an adult. |
| Diabetes Insipidus (DI) | Disorder caused by the inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. There maybe polyuria and polydipsia. |
| Dwarfism | Condition of being abnormally short in height. It may be the result of a hereditary condition or a lack of growth hormone. |
| Gigantism | Excessive development of the body due to the overproduction of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland in a child or teenager. The opposite of dwarfism. |
| Panhypopituitarism | Deficiency in all the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. Often recognized because of problems with the glands regulated by the pituitary-adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries, and testes. |
| Cretinism | Congenital condition in which a lack of thyroid hormones maybe result in arrested physical and mental development. |
| Goiter | Enlargement of the thyroid gland. |
| Grave's disease | Condition named from Irish physician Robert Graves that results in overactivity of the thyroid gland and can cause a crisis situation. Symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter. A type of hyperthyroidism. |
| Hashimoto's disease | Chronic autoimmune form of thyroiditis, results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones. |
| Myxedema | Condition resulting from a hyposecretion of the thyroid gland. in an adult. Symptoms include anemia, slow speech, swollen facial features, edematous skin, drowsiness, and metal lethargy. |
| Thyrotoxicosis | Condition resulting from marked overproduction of the thyroid gland. Symptoms include rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, and weight loss. |
| Adenocarcinoma | Cancerous tumor in a gland that is capable of producing the hormones secreted by that gland. One cause of hypersecretion pathologies. |
| Blood serum test | Blood test to measure the level of substances such as calcium, electrolytes, testosterone, insulin, and glucose. Used to assist in determining the function of various endocrine glands. |
| Fasting blood sugar (FBS) | Blood test to measure the amount of sugar circulating throughout the body after a 12-hour fast. |
| Glucose tolerance test (GTT) | Test to determine the blood sugar level. A measured dose of glucose is given to a patient either orally or intravenously. Blood samples are then drawn at certain intervals to determine the ability of the patient to use glucose. Used for diabetic patients to determine their insulin response to glucose. |
| Protein-bound iodine test (PBI) | Blood test to measure the concentration of thyroxine (T4) circulating in the bloodstream. The iodine becomes bound to the protein in the blood and can be measured. Useful in establishing thyroid function. |
| Radioimmunoassay (RIA) | Test used to measure the levels of hormones in the plasma of the blood. |
| Thyroid function test (TFT) | Blood est to measure the levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the bloodstream to assist determining thyroid function. |
| Two-hour postprandial glucose tolerance test | Blood test to assist in evaluating glucose metabolism. The patient eats a high carbohydrate diet and then fasts overnight before the test. Then the blood sample is taken 2 hrs after a meal. |
| Total calcium | Blood test to measure the total amount of calcium to assist in detecting parathyroid and none disorder. |
| Thyroid echogram | Ultrasound examination of the thyroid that can assist in distinguishing a thyroid nodule from a cyst. |
| Thyroid scan | Test in which radioactive iodine is administered that localizes in the thyroid gland. The gland can ten be visualized with a scanning device to detect pathology such as tumors. |
| Chemical thyroidectomy | Large dose of radioactive iodine is given in order to kill thyroid gland cells without having to actually do surgery. |
| Hormone replacement therapy | Artificial replacement of hormones in patients with hyposecretion disorders. May be oral pills, injections, or adhesive skin patches. |
| Laparoscopic adrenalectomy | Removal of the adrenal gland through a small incision in the abdomen and using endoscopic instruments. |
| Lobectomy | Removal of a lobe from an organ. |
| Antithyroid agents | Medication given to block production of thyroid hormones in patients with hypersecretion disorders. |
| Corticosteroids | ... |
| Human growth hormone therapy | Hormone replacement therapy with human growth hormone in order to simulate skeletal growth. Used to treat children with abnormally short stature. |
| Insulin | Administered to replace insulin for type 1 diabetics or to treat severe type 2 diabetics. |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | Medications taken by mouth that cause a decrease in blood sugar; not used for insulin-dependent patients. |
| Thyroid replacement hormone | Hormone replacement therapy for patients with hypothyroidism or who have had a thyroidectomy. |
| Vasopressin | Given to control diabetes insipidus and promote reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules. |
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