Microbiology Final
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Created by:
emmaschultz on April 10, 2011
Description:
Dr. Jones
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320 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 virus | small, obligate intracellular parasites-no capacity for independent metabolism |
| viruses lack | machinery for generating energy and large molecules |
| viruses need | a host eukaryote or prokaryote to replicate |
| the viral genome contains | either DNA or RNA but not both |
| capsid | protein coat made up of capsomeres |
| nucleocapsid | capsid with its enclosed genome |
| some capsid proteins are | spikes that help the virus attach to and penetrate the host cell |
| naked viruses are composed only of a | nucleocapsid |
| viruses surrounded by an envelope are | enveloped viruses |
| virion | a completely assembled infectious virus outside its host cell |
| two shapes of viruses | helical and icosahedral |
| helical viruses have | helical symmetry |
| icosahedral viruses have | icosahedral symmetry |
| icosahedral symmetry is a | polyhedron with 20 triangular faces and 12 corners |
| complex viruses | have both helica and icosohedral symmetry |
| a host refers to | what organisms the virus can infect |
| host range depends on | capsid structure |
| many viruses infect | certain cell or tissue types within the host (tissue tropism) |
| international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ICTV) is developing a | classification system |
| DNA viruses contain | single or double stranded DNA |
| RNA viruses contain | single or double stranded RNA |
| +RNA viruses have | mRNA genome |
| -RNA viruses have | RNA strands that would be complementary to mRNA |
| retroviruses are | replicated indirectly through a DNA intermediate. uses reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from RNA genome. |
| replication of bacteriophages is a _ step process | 5 |
| T7 group bacteriophage are virulent viruses that carry out a | lytic cycle of infection |
| the phage nucleic acid contains | only a few of the genes needed for viral synthesis and replication |
| phase 1 of lytic cycle | attachment occurs when a phage's tail fibers match with a receptor site on the bacterium's cell wall |
| phase 2 of lytic cycle | penetration occurs when the phage tail releases lysozyme to dissolve a portion of the cell wall. phage DNA is injected into the bacterial cytoplasm |
| phase 3 of lytic cycle | biosynthesis is the production of new phage genomes and capsid parts |
| phase 4 of lytic cycle | maturation is the assembly of viral parts into complete virus particles |
| phase 5 of lytic cycle | release is the exit of virions from the bacterium. also called the lysis stage when the cell is ruptured |
| temperate phages do not | lyse the host. |
| temperate phages | insert their DNA into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage (lysogenic cycle) |
| temperate phage= | lysogenic cycle |
| virulent phage= | lytic cycle |
| antiviral drugs | can be used to treat a limited number of human viral diseases |
| why do antibiotics not work against viruses? | viruses lack the elements with which antibiotics interfere |
| some antivirals exist to affect: | 1. viral penetration/un-coating 2. genome replication 3. maturation/release |
| what do vaccines do? | stimulate antibody production by the immune system and induce specific defense |
| vaccines stimulate the production of | T cells |
| inactivated viruses | dead virus that is treated with physical agent (mild heat or chemical such as formaldehyde) |
| what do inactivated viruses do? | denature the viral genome preventing replication but the capsid remains intact and stimulates antibody production |
| example of inactivated vaccine | salk vaccine (polio) |
| attenuated vaccine | live virus that continues to replicate in the body cells but at an extremely low rate |
| attenuated viruses stimulate | the immune system for a longer time than inactivated viruses, and the immune response is higher |
| example of attenuated virus | sabin vaccine (polio) |
| viral subunits | protein molecules produced by genetic engineering |
| example of viral subunit | hepatitis b vaccine-altered DNA from hepatitis B virus (DNA vaccines) |
| most antivirals target the | replication enzymes of the virus |
| how do antivirals target the replication enzymes? | 1. inserting base analogs in the replicating DNA strand 2. Blocking replication of the viral genome |
| reverse transcriptase inhibitors | prevent the synthesis of DNA in retroviruses |
| protease inhibitors | impede the HIV protease that trims viral proteins in capsid construction |
| neuraminidase inhibitors | block an enzyme in the spike of influenza viruses. this prevents the release of new virions into the body |
| interferon puts cells in an | antiviral state |
| interferon (IFN) | group of naturally produced proteins that alert cells to a viral infection |
| some IFNs have | anti-cancer properties |
| cells in an antiviral state can | inhibit viral replication by preventing protein synthesis |
| IFNs bind to | receptors on cells, triggering them to produce antiviral proteins |
| body fights virus by | 1. interferons 2. neutralization with antibodies 3. phagocytosis 4. interactions with T lymphocytes |
| what is critical to disease identification? | detection of viruses |
| what were rivers' postulates? | 1. filtrates of infectious material shown not to contain bacterial or other cultivatable organisms must produce the disease or its counterpart 2. filtrates must produce specific antibodies in appropriate animals |
| cytology uses | light microscopy to examine cells for cytopathic effects (CPEs) of viral infection |
| what is unusual about viruses? | they can be observed directly by electron microscopy |
| what is visible by light microscopy? | cytopathologic effects (CPE) |
| syncytium | formation of multinucleate giant cells by fusion |
| example of inclusion | rabies negri body |
| tissue hyperplasia (CPE) | rapid cell proliferation |
| in a primary cell culture, | cells form a monolayer in a culture dish |
| the type of cell culture depends on the | virus to be cultivated in the monolayer |
| viruses can be detected | by the formation of plaques |
| what is a plaque | clear zone within the monolayer |
| serological tests | to detect specific antibody in patients serum which indicates and immune response to recent infection |
| ways to diagnose viral disease | 1. detection of viral antigen in tissue by fluorescent antibody methods 2. reactions with DNA probes to identify viral DNA in tissue |
| cancer | uncontrolled growth and spread of cells |
| tumor | clone of abnormal cells |
| benign tumor | body surrounds a tumor with a capsule of connective tissue |
| malignant tumor | tumor cells break free from the capsule of connective tissue and spread to other tissues of the body (metastasis) |
| viruses are responsible for __% of human tumors | 20 |
| __%-__% of human cancers are associated with carcinogens | 60-90% |
| what are carcinogens? | substance that can aggravate cancer (cigarettes, environment pollutants, radiation) |
| epstein-barr virus | oncogenic virus that is linked to burkitt lymphoma, a tumor of the jaw |
| human papilloma virus | oncogenic virus that is associated with cervical cancer. there is now a vaccine against the 2 most common strains of HPV |
| oncogene theory suggests | that protooncogenes normally reside in the chromosomal DNA of a cell |
| protooncogenes can be transformed to oncogenes by | radiation, chemical carcinogens, DNA damage, viruses |
| how do emerging viruses arise? | through a natural phenomena |
| emerging viruses may | spread to new populations, or may expand host range |
| genetic reconbination can | lead to "new" viruses |
| mutation can occasionally be | advantageous and create a new or new strain of virus |
| viroids | infectious RNA particles |
| viroids are tiny fragments of RNA that cause disease in | crop plants |
| introns | non-coding section of DNA |
| the replication cycle and disease causation process of viroids are not understood, but then may have originated as | introns |
| prions | infected proteins |
| transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) can occur in | humans and other animals |
| example of TSEs | mad cow disease |
| TSEs are | neurological degenerative diseases that can be transmitted within or between species |
| scientists originally believed that TSEs were caused by | a virus |
| what did stanley prusiner discover | proteinaceous infectious particle (prion) |
| protein only hypothesis predicts that | prions are composed only of protein and contain no nucleic acids |
| TSEs may spread when | infectious prions bind to normal prions |
| when infectious prions bind to normal prions, | normal prions change shape and become abnormal |
| abnormal prions | do not trigger an immune response |
| death of the host occurs from nerve cell death leading to | sponge-like holes in brain tissue |
| symptoms of nerve cell death | dementia, weakened muscles, loss of balance |
| nerve cell death results from | insoluble aggregates of abnormal prions in the brain |
| human form of TSE is called | variant CJD (creutzfeldt-jakob disease) |
| influenza is a viral infection of the | upper respiratory tract |
| influenza | highly communicable acute respiratory infection. transmitted by airborne respiratory droplets. at least 32 influenza pandemics since 1510. belongs to the orthomyxoviridae family. contains H and N spikes |
| H spike | hemagglutinin helps the virion attach and penetrate host cells |
| N spike | neuraminidase helps release the virion from the host cell after replication and assembly |
| influenza A | strikes every year and causes most pandemics. divided into subunits based on H and N surface proteins |
| influenza B | strikes every year but is less common than type A. only circulates in humans |
| influenza C | causes a mild respiratory illness but not epidemics |
| which influenza viruses have vaccines | A and B. mixture of last years most prevalent strain |
| symptoms of influenza | incubation period of 1 to 4 days, sudden chills, fatigue, headache, chest, back and leg pain, body temp can be 40 degrees C, severe cough, sore shroat, nasal congestion, sneezing, tight chest. short lived and self-limiting |
| why would people die of influenza? | if they developed pneumonia caused by virus spreading to the lungs |
| complications from influenza, such as pneumonia and secondary infections, occur in | children, elderly, immunocompromised people |
| guillain-barre syndrome | occurs when the body damages its own peripheral nerve cells (muscle weakness and paralysis) |
| reye syndrome | often occurs in children who take aspirin to treat pain and fever. begins with nausea and vomiting to mental changes (delirium, confusion) |
| who should get vaccinated for influenza | children 6+ months and older adults, anyone at risk for complications from influenza, anyone who lives with or cares for people at high risk, students in dorms |
| who is a risk for complications from influenza? | women who will be pregnant, long term health problems (heart, lung, kidney, asthma), people with weakened immune systems (AIDS, cancer treatments) |
| example of antiviral drug for influenza | tamiflu |
| what does tamiflu do? | targets N spikes blocking release of new virions |
| when was H1N1 swine flu detected | April 2009 |
| when was H1N1 declared a pandemic | June 11, 2009 |
| why called swine flu? | many genes were similar to influenza viruses that normally occur in pigs (swine), birds (avian), and humans |
| how does H1N1 spread | human to human |
| symptoms of H1N1 | fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headaches, chills, and fatigue |
| other H1N1 facts | deaths associated, mild to severe cases, flu vaccine available |
| rhinovirus infections | produce inflammation in the upper respiratory tract |
| rhinovirus family? | paramyxoviridae family |
| how are rhinoviruses transmitted? | by airborne respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated objects |
| where do rhinoviruses thrive? | in the nose |
| more than ___ different rhinovirus strains can cause ____ ____ | common colds |
| rhinoviruses are infections of | nose, sinuses, throat, and upper airways |
| 1. incubation, 2. symptoms, and 3. duration of rhinovirus | 1. 1 to 3 days after infection 2. sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, mild aches and pain, cough, earaches 3. 7 to 10 day duration |
| symptoms of adenovirus | similar to common cold |
| adenovirus family? | adenoviridae |
| how many different adenovirus antigenic types? | 50+ |
| what do adenoviruses do? | induce the formation of inclusion bodies in host tissues |
| how are adenoviruses transmitted and to whom? | respiratory droplets and common in infants and young children |
| what can adenovirus infection cause? | acute febrile pharyngitis (inflammation of throat or pharynx), pharyngoconjuctival fever (inflammation of eye), acute respiratory disease (inflammation of lung), pneumonia |
| paramyxovirus infections affect | lower respiratory tract |
| respiratory syncytial (RS) disease | caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). usually occurs in children under age 1. flu-like symptoms in adults. infects the bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs, causing cells to fuse like syncytia. treatment: ribavirin |
| parainfluenza | caused by human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3. symptoms are milder than influenza. bronchitis and croup may accompany infection |
| human metaneumovirus (Hmnv) | a RSV like virus. symptoms are similar to RS disease |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | spreads through contact with an infected person or object. emerging infection in the coronaviridae family. bats may be the natural host. mild upper respiratory infection can lead to severe respiratory infection or pneumonia. symptoms: dry cough for 2-7 days, overall body discomfort, fever of 38+ degrees C, labored breathing. patient should be isolated for 10 days after fever breaks to prevent spreading. |
| cold sore/fever blister | caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). after primary infection, virus is latent in sensory ganglia. lasts for 7-10 days without treatment. recurrence occurs if the virus is reactivated and move to the epithelium |
| genital herpes | STD caused by HSV-2. symptoms: itching and throbbing of genital areas followed by blisters. latent and reactivated periods. no cure, but you can treat it with antivirals (acycolvir) that reduces and shortens the outbreaks |
| herpes keratitis | herpes of the eye. can cause scarring on the cornea can lead to blindness |
| neonatal herpes | passed from infected mother to newborn baby during childbirth. can cause developmental delays in child and can cause seizures or blindness. |
| chickenpox is also called | varicella |
| when did vaccine become available? | attenuated vaccine available in 1995 |
| chickenpox is a | highly communicable disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) |
| chickenpox is transmitted by | skin contact and respiratory droplets |
| incubation period and duration of chickenpox | 2 weeks |
| symptoms of chicken pox | begin in respiratory tract and signs of fever, headache, malaise |
| signs of chickenpox | itchy, red rash spreads across the entire body and turns into fluid filled vesicles |
| what happens to itchy vesicles | they break open and yield highly infectious virus-laden fluid |
| antivirals and vaccine for chickenpox | antivirals: acyclovir hastens recovery vaccine: varivax is 85% effective |
| most common complication of chickenpox | bacterial infection of the skin, pneumonia, encephalitis, or reye syndrome from giving child aspirin |
| shingles | an adult disease caused by the same virus as chickenpox (varicella-zoster virus) |
| after infection, ZVZ can | remain in nerve cells for many years and can reactivate |
| if nerve cells are reactivated, they can | travel to the body trunk and cause blisters and patches of red, or facial paralysis and severe "ICE PICK" PAINS |
| complications of shingles | postherapeutic neuralgia is the persistence of shingles pain for years after the blisters have disappeared |
| vaccine for shingles | zostavax for people over 60 years old |
| roseola infantum | human herpesvirus 6 infection |
| herpesvirus 6 primarily occurs in | infancy (6mo to 3 years old) |
| symptoms of roseola infantum (HHV-6) | high fever and subsequent red body rash |
| duration of roseola infantum | one week |
| many bone marrow transplant recipients suffer | HHV-6 viremia (virus in bloodstream) after transplantation |
| some researchers believe that roseola infantum | lies dormant for years and may be associated with multiple sclerosis later in life |
| some herpesvirus infectious are | oncogenic |
| oncogenic viruses | epstein-barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) |
| kaposi sarcomic | an angiogenic tumor of the blood vessel walls |
| kaposi sarcomic is most commonly seen in | immunocompromised individuals, such as HIV/AIDS patients |
| kaposi sarcomic is caused by | HHV-8 |
| HHV-8 forms | dark or purple skin lesions |
| another name for measles | rubeola |
| measles is caused by | highly contagious disease caused by paramyxoviridae family |
| transmission of measles through | respiratory droplets |
| symptoms of measles | hacking cough, sneezing, nasal discharge, eye redness, sensitivity to light, high fever |
| signs of measles | koplik spots |
| what are koplik spots? | red patches with white grain-like centers that appear along the gum line. appear 2-4 days after the onset of symptoms |
| measles red rash begins as | maculopapules at the hairline and spread to face, trunk, and extremities |
| complications of measles include | bacterial disease in the respiratory tissue and panencephalitis (affects both gray and white matter of brain) |
| vaccine for measles | MMR (mumps, measles, and rubella) inoculation |
| mumps | enlarged jaw tissues caused by swollen salivary glands. swelling is caused by blockage of ducts leading from the parotid glands. spread by respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated objects. swelling and damage may occur in the testes (orchitis). MMR vaccine |
| rubella (german measles) | acute, midly infectious disease cause by togaviridae family. transmitted by respiratory droplets or contact. symptoms are occasional fever and pale-pink maculopapular rash. prompt recovery but relapses occur. |
| congenital rubella | occurs when the fetus is infected through placenta. children born with ear, eye, and heart problems |
| fifth disease also called | erythema infectiosum and slap cheek disease |
| fifth disease | produces mild rash and caused by parvoviridae (parvovirus B 19). transmission through respiratory droplets. symptoms: fiery red rash on cheeks, ears and trunks--disappears after a few days. adults symptoms similar to rheumatoid arthritis |
| some human papillomavirus infections cause | warts |
| common warts | usually genign skin growths resulting from a specific strain of HPV |
| plantar warts | occur on the soles of the feet |
| warts are transmitted by | contact with affected person or contaminated object |
| genital warts (condylomata) | transmitted through sexual contact |
| some HPV are associated with | cervical cancer |
| genital warts can be transmitted from | infected mother to newborn during delivery |
| vaccine for HPV | gardasil recommended for 11-12 year olds |
| smallpox (variola) | contagious and sometimes fatal. pink-red macules appear on the face and trunk then become papules and fluid-filled vesicles. vesicles beome pustules that break open and emit puss, leaving pitted scars (pocks). |
| why are many people not immune to smallpox (poxvirus) | vaccinations ceased in the U.S. in 1972 after eradication occurred |
| what is the most dangerous weapons of bioterrorism | smallpox |
| mulluscum contagiosum | viral disease that causes mildly-contagious, wart-like skin lesions. transmitted by sexual contact. lesions are firm, waxy, elevated, usually flesh toned, emit a mikly substances. |
| affected areas for mulluscum contagiosum | facial skin in children and genitals in adults |
| infectious mononucleosis is | a blood disease |
| mononucleosis | affects B lymphcytes in lymph nodes and spleens, spread by contact with saliva, caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), children are infected and show no symptoms, symptoms: sore throat, swollen glands, fever; duration of 3-4 weeks. |
| EBV disease | precursor of mononucleosis |
| complications of mono | heart defects, facial paralysis, rupture of the spleen, jaundice (hepatitis) |
| individual with mono remains | carrier for several months and can shed virus in their saliva |
| diagnosis of mono involves observation of | elevated lymphocyte levels and presence of downey cells (damaged B cells) |
| what is detected by monospot test | antibodies of mono |
| EBV is associated with | burkitt lymphoma |
| burkitt lymphoma | tumor of jaw prevalent in Africa. malaria parasite might help stimulate tumor development |
| EBV is associated with | T cell malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma; B cell lymphomas; hodgkin disease; multiple sclerosis |
| cytomegalovirus (CMV) can produce | serious birth defects |
| symptoms of CMV | mononucleosis like |
| virus may pass to | fetus of pregnant woman, causing mental impairment |
| why is CMV dangerous for immunocompromised people | can reactivate and accelerate progression of HIV/AIDS and infecting many bodily tissues |
| HBV (hepatitis b virus) is a | global health problem |
| family of HBV | hepadnaviridae |
| virions of HBV | nucleocapsid surrounded by a core antigen, envelope containing a surface antigen |
| transmission of HBV | direct or indirect contact with bodily fluid |
| incubation period of HBV | 1-6 months, virus infects liver |
| symptoms of HBV | fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting |
| what occurs after primary symptoms | jaundice and abdominal pain |
| recovery for HBV | 3-4 months after onset of jaundice, after which an immunity is developed |
| rare complications of HBV | persistent infections, cirrhosis, liver cancer |
| vaccines for HBV? | yes, several vaccines and drugs |
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) family | flaviviridae |
| HCV transmitted by | blood |
| symptoms of HCV | few symptoms, most cases develop symptomless chronic infection, involving cirrhosis and other complications |
| HCV is the primary | reason for liver transplants in the U.S. |
| how is HCV damage accelerated | alcoholism and drug use |
| what causes hepatitis D virus | HBV and HDV |
| when can HDV damage the liver | only when HBV is present |
| hepatitis G | another chronic liver disease transmitted by blood for sexual contact |
| flaviviruses are also called | arboviruses because they are arthropodborne |
| yellow fever was the first | human disease associated with a virus |
| yellow fever transmission | person to person via blood sucking mosquitos, stegomyia aegypti |
| symptoms of yellow fever | abrupt headache, fever, muscle pain. most patients recover after symptoms abate for 3-5 days |
| illness may appear as | nausea, uncontrollable hiccups, black vomit/jaundice, delirium, hemorrhaging of the gums/mouth/nose |
| vaccine for yellow fever? | yes, but not therapeutic drugs exist |
| dengue fever | occurs in four types. transmitted by 2 species of mosquito, s. aegypti and s. albopicta |
| signs of dengue fever | high fever and prostration, then sharp pains and sensations like bones are breaking |
| complications of dengue fever | unusual, unless one of the 3 other types of dengue fever enters the body later. |
| in dengue hemorrhagic fever... | the immune system allows the new infection to replicate. a rash from skin hemorrhages appear, followed by severe vomiting and shock, and decreased blood pressure |
| bunyaviruses are spread by | infected animals |
| hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) caused by | strain of hantavirus named "sin nombre" |
| host of HPS | deer mouse sheds the virus in saliva, urine, and feces |
| how do humans get infected with hantavirus? | inhaling dried, aerosolized urine or feces |
| symptoms of HPS | headaches, dizziness, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure. respiratory failure can occur as lungs fill with fluid |
| sandfly fever transmitted by | sandflies of the genus phlebotomus |
| symptoms of sandfly fever | similar to dengue fever--fever, headache, flu like symptoms, muscle and joint pain |
| rift valley fever affects | livestock animals |
| rift valley fever transmission | mosquitos pass it to humans |
| symptoms of rift valley fever | very mild..fever, headache, muscle and joint pain. recovers in 2-7 days |
| some people progress to | hemorrhagic fever, meningocephalitis |
| ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) has outbreaks in | africa, 50-90% mortality |
| possible host for EHF | fruit bats |
| transmission of EHF | contact with blood or secretions from infected person or contaminated object |
| symproms of EHF | fever, headache, joint/muscle aches, sore throat, weakness |
| EHF damages what? | endothelial cells, causing massive internal bleeding and hemorrhaging |
| marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF) first identified in | tissues of green monkeys |
| how is marburg spread | bodily fluids |
| symptoms of marburg | similar to ebola but fatality is lower. fever and after 5 days a maculopapular rash appears on trunk. late stage includes jaundice, weight loss, delirium, hemorrhaging, and pancreatitis |
| arenaviridae are associated with | chronic infections in rodents |
| lassa fever caused by | zoonotic virus carried by rodents |
| transmission of lassa fever | aerosol or direct contact with rodent excreta or contaminated food |
| infection leads to | severe fever, exhaustion, patchy blood filled hemorrhagic lesions |
| hepatitis A and E are transmitted by | GI tract |
| hepatitis A | acute inflammatory liver disease |
| hep A is transmitted by | food or water contaminated by the feces of infected individual. or raw shellfish |
| hep A family | picornaviridae family |
| what follows initial symptoms | enlargement of the liver and jaundice |
| what's needed to prevent transmission | high standards of personal and environmental standards |
| vaccines or treatment? | 3 vaccines for different age groups, no treatment |
| hepatitis E | opportunistic, emergent disease |
| family of hep E | caliciviridae family |
| who's most susceptible to hep E | pregnant women and young adults |
| viral gastroenteritis is a general name for illnesses involving | diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, fever, cramping, headache, malaise |
| rotavirus infections (what it is, how transmitted, what it invades, and vaccines?) | deadly infection in children. transmission is ingestion of contaminated food or water. virus invades small intestine, inducing diarrhea. 2 vaccines available. |
| norovirus infection (what it is, how transmitted, recent outbreaks, incubation time/symptoms, complication, prevention) | common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in adults. transmission through fecal-oral route, direct person to person contact, contact with infected surfaces. outbreaks on cruise ships. highly contagious. incubation of 15-48 hours, symptoms last 12-60 hours. dehydration is complication. washing hands and safe food and water is prevention |
| coxsackie virus | enterovirus infection |
| coxsackie causes | gasteroenteritis and other serious diseases |
| echovirus is also an | enterovirus and occurs in many strands |
| echovirus causes | gastroenteritis, aseptic meningitis, exanthemas |
| rabies virus has the | highest mortality rate of any human disease |
| animal rabies occurs in | warm blooded animals |
| how does rabies enter the body | through a skin wound |
| incubation time of rabies | 6 days to 1 year (depends on location of entry and amount of virus entering the body) |
| symptoms of rabies | fever, headache, increased muscle tension |
| patients become | alert and aggressive, followed by paralysis and brain degeneration |
| immunization? | post immunization can be done immediately after exposure |
| furious rabies | violent symptoms like wide eyes, drooling, unprovoked attacks |
| dumb rabies | docile and lethargic animals |
| vaccine? | wild animals are vaccinated with inoculated dog food and fish meal |
| polio virus infects | poliomyelitis infects the gay matter of the spinal cord and brain |
| polioviruses enter the body through | contaminated food and water |
| polioviruses multiply in | tonsils, lymph tissue, gastrointestinal tract |
| virus may pass through | bloodstream to the meninges |
| this results in | paralysis of limbs and trunk |
| bulbar polio | viruses infect the medulla, affecting nerves in neck, face, and upper torso |
| trivalent vaccines | contain all 3 types of polioviruses |
| postpolio syndrome | occurs in individuals who had the disease decades ago |
| flaviviruses can be carried by | blood sucking arthropods |
| encephalitis | acute inflammation of the brain |
| arboviral encephalitis patients suffer | pain in head and neck, convulsions, coma |
| those who recover from flaviviruses may have | paralysis and mental disorders |
| most flaviviruses transmitted by | mosquitos and ticks |
| west nile virus can infect | birds, mosquitoes, humans, and some other mammals |
| humans get west nile from | mosquito bites |
| many infected with west nile are | asymptomatic or are ill for a few days |
| patient may develop | encephalitis or menintiis, which can result in permanent neurological effects on brain |
| vaccine/treatment for west nile? | no |
| lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) found in | rodents |
| LCM transmitted to humans through | urine and feces |
| symptoms of LCM | fever, malaise, headache, drowsiness, stupor, meninges inflitrated with large number of lymphocytes |
| overall affect | symptoms gone in a week, low mortality |
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