1.
Abyssal: 
The abyssal zone is the pelagic zone that contains the very deep benthic communities near the bottom of oceans
2.
Anoxia: Complete deprivation of oxygen supply
3.
Aral Sea, Uzbekistan/Kazakhstan (former Soviet Union): Large inland sea is drying up as a result of water diversion.
4.
Benthic zone or benthic organisms: Benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface
5.
BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials.
6.
Describe how waste water is treated.: 
Primary stage- solids are separated by settling (grit settling tank),and filtration (bar screen),
Secondary stage- dissolved biological matter is converted to solid mass by bacteria (activated sludge tank)/Bacteria decompose the organic matter
Third stage - biological solids are neutralized, water is disinfected chemically by ozone or chlorine, ultraviolet-light array
7.
Describe two water borne diseases.: 1. Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that caused by bacteria The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhoea and vomiting. 2. typhoid fever
8.
Does stormwater get treated before it is released?: If storm sewers are routed to treatment plants, heavy storms can overload the system and result in dumping large volumes of raw sewage directily into surface waters.
9.
Endocrine disrupter: Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that may interfere with the body's endocrine system/hormones and produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife. A wide range of substances are thought to cause endocrine disruption, including pharmaceuticals, dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and other pesticides, herbicides, such as atrazine,
10.
Estuary: A partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea
11.
Euphotic:
The photic zone or euphotic zone is the depth of the water in a lake or ocean that is exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur
12.
How are aquifers replenished?: Water soaks into the ground by infiltration in recharge areas
13.
How do humans influence the water cycle?: Groundwater depletion; increased runoff; decreased infiltration
14.
How does deforestation affect the water cycle?: Roots create macropores that increase infiltration of water into the soil; deforestation reduces soil moisture; reduces transpiration and increases evaporation.
15.
How does sewage affect DO or dissolved oxygen?: Bacteria that consume the sewage decrease DO levels
16.
How does sewage or organic matter affect BOD or biological oxygen demand?: BOD is increased; the oxygen used by the bacteria that consume sewage is increased
17.
How does thermal pollution affect water quality?: When water is removed for cooling purposes and returned to nature at higher temperatures, the temperature change can result in thermal shock and cause species to die; warmer water has less DO and causes organisms to increase their respiratory rates.
18.
How is drinking water treated?: UV, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, chlorine, ozone, fluoridation
19.
How is wastewater disinfected?: Chlorination remains the most common form of waste water disinfection in North America
20.
Hypoxia: Water with very low dissolved oxygen levels, the end result of eutrophication.
21.
Intertidal zone: The area between the land and sea that is covered by water at high tide and uncovered at low tide (part of the littoral zone)
22.
Limnetic zone of a lake: 
The open surface waters in a lake, away from the shore.
23.
Littoral zone:
The littoral zone refers to that part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore.
24.
Oligotrophic: The opposite of eutrophic or nutrient rich; oligotrophic means nutrient poor
25.
Oxygen sag: Oxygen decline downstream from a pollution source, such as raw sewage
26.
Primary Sewage Treatment: First step of sewage treatment; eliminates most particulate material from raw sewage using grates, screens, and gravity (settling).
27.
Salt Water Intrusion: Near the coast, overpumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer.
28.
Secondary Sewage Treatment: Second step of sewage treatment; bacteria breakdown organic waste, aeration accelerates the process.
29.
Watershed: All of the land that drains into a body of water.
30.
What accounts for the greatest consumption of water in the domestic sector?: 1. toilet flushing 2. bathing 3. laundry
31.
What are the disadvantages of desalination?: expensive; utilizes energy (fossil fuels, electricity)
32.
What are three consequences of overuse of groundwater?: Sink hole, salt water intrusion, lack of availability of water
33.
What are three ways to conserve water in your home?: Low flow shower head, water efficient appliances (washing machine), collect rainwater to water your lawn, low flush toilet, don't run the water as you brush your teeth
34.
What are two ecosystem services provided by wetlands?: Purify water; protect inland areas from storm surges, provide a breeding ground for many species
35.
What are wetlands?: Areas that are covered by water and support plants that can grow in water saturated soil; marsh, swamp, bog areas
36.
What does fecal coliform bacteria (e-coli) indicate about a river?: It is contaminated with sewage/feces
37.
What does water hardness refer to?: Water with minerals like calcium and magnesium; hard water can interfere with equipment/pipes as a result of mineral deposit build up and can interfere with cleaning as it results in a white precipitate instead of soap lathering properly
38.
What is a combined water treatment and sewer system?: In many American cities, storm sewers are routed to water treatment plants instead of being discharged into surface waters.
39.
What is a recharge zone?: An area where water can enter an aquifer by infiltration
40.
What is an ecosystem service?: Goods and services from nature or natural assets that are vital to human health and livelihood, such as clean water, habitat for fisheries; purification of air or water
41.
What is desertification? What causes desertification?: Conversion of arable land to desert; caused by soil erosion, drought, deforestation, climate change
42.
What is drip irrigation?: A method of watering crops that minimizes the use of water by allowing water to drip slowly onto the roots of plants through a network of pipes; conserves water, but expensive to install
43.
What is flood irrigation?: A method of watering crops utilizing sprinklers; a lot of water is wasted as runoff; waterlogging can also result.
44.
What is pelagic?:
Of, relating to, or living in open oceans or seas rather than waters adjacent to land or inland waters
45.
What is the Clean Water Act? (1972): Sets objectives for restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters. Regulates discharge of pollutants into the waters of the U.S.; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable
46.
What is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch?: A large body of floating debris/plastic trapped in the Pacific Ocean by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre
47.
What is the greatest consumer of water, agricultural, domestic or industrial sectors?: Agriculture
48.
What is the Ocean dumping ban act (1988)?: Prohibts dumping of sewage or industrial wastes into the ocean
49.
What is the Ogallala Aquifer?: An aquifer that underlies eight states from North Dakota to Texas. It used to hold more fresh water than all freshwater lakes, streams and rivers on Earth; it is said to be the largest aquifer in the world.
50.
What is the Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)?: Established to protect the quality of drinking water in the United States. This law focuses on underground sources of water; establishes standards for safe drinking water.
51.
What is the water table?: 
Upper soil layers consist of the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation; the water table exists as the top of the zone of saturation.
52.
What is transpiration?: The evaporation of water from plant leaves or stomates
53.
What is water logging?: Saturation of soil with water; it hinders plant growth
54.
What macroinvertebrates are high tolerance species found in a pond ecosystem that indicate polluted water?: High tolerance species survive in low amounts of oxygen and include aquatic worms, leeches and snails
55.
What macroinvertebrates are low tolerance species found in a pond ecosystem that indicate clean unpolluted water?: Mayflies/stone flies require high amounts of oxygen and are indicators of unpolluted streams
56.
What measures suspended particles in water?: Turbidity
57.
What percent of Earth's water is fresh water?: 3%
58.
What region of the world does desalination provide fresh water?: The Middle East; Saudi Arabia leads the world in desalination and relies on it to meet 70 percent of the country's drinking water needs.
59.
What water tests are performed on water before water enters the tap?: VOC's, Inorganic compounds such as lead, radionuclides, microbial organisms (bacteria)
60.
Where is most fresh water found?: Icecaps and glaciers
61.
Where is the largest desert in the world?: The Sahara Desert in Northern Africa
62.
Why are environmentalists concerned about water shortages?: The rate of water consumption is growing twice as fast as the population growth rate
63.
Why are estuaries important?: Often called nurseries of the sea, estuaries provide vital nesting and feeding habitats for many aquatic plants and animals; They filter out sediments and pollutants from rivers and streams before they flow into the oceans, providing cleaner waters for marine life;
64.
Why shouldn't you "pour anything down the sink that you wouldn't drink?": Wastewater treatment does not remove these chemicals.
