History Exam 4
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knichols0003 on April 11, 2011
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Romanticism | An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions |
| (American artists) had little to offer Europe | The general European attitude toward American artists and writers |
| Hudson River School | a group of American painters of the mid-19th century whose works are characterized by a highly romantic treatment of landscape |
| Sydney Smith | Well known critic in the Edinburgh Review. Bashing American literature and overall culture when compared to Britain's. |
| Walt Whitman | American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature; played an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry |
| Herman Melville | American writer who drew on his experiences at sea and living on South Pacific islands for material and rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists |
| James Fenimore Cooper | American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans |
| Edgar Allen Poe | American poet and writer, considered part of the American Romantic Movement, and best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre |
| Shakerism | Founded upon teachings of Ann Lee, members were celibate and saw equality of gender |
| Mormonism | Founded by Joseph Smith, practiced polygamy, started out as poor and neglected people |
| Crime and Poverty | Organized movements in the 1840's linked alcohol use in the US to this |
| Phrenology | Theoretically able to determine one's character and intelligence by the shape of his or her head |
| Horace Mann | United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education to promote democracy |
| Dorothea Dix | Reformer who was a pioneer in the movement for better treatment of the mentally ill |
| Liberia | Where the American Colonization Society wanted to export slaves from the United States |
| William Lloyd Garrison | Prominent American abolitionist, editor of abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society; believed the movement should stress damage done to slaves more than on whites |
| Frederick Douglass | Abolitionist and former slave with an authenticity to his antislavery speeches; started his own abolitionist newspaper, The North Star; was the leading black spokesman in America |
| Manifest Destiny | Expression of acquisition popular in the 1840s; many people believed that the United States was destined to secure territory from "sea to shining sea" |
| Battle of San Jacinto | Final battle of the Texas Revolution; resulted in the defeat of the Mexican army and independence for Texas |
| Young travelling families | General description of Americans before the early 1850s who traveled west on the overland trails |
| Oregon and Texas | Territories of stately interest of President Polk in 1844 |
| President James Polk | Plotted military strategies for the United States in the Mexican War |
| Wilmot Proviso | Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the Mexican War |
| California statehood | National issue that disrupted the nation's balance of free and slave states |
| Fugitive Slave Act | Law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; intensified debate over slavery |
| 1854 Ostend Manifesto | Part of an attempt by the US to conquer Cuba |
| Transcontinental railroad | Its location could not be settled by the Northeners or the Southeners |
| John Brown | Well-known abolitionist and martyr; used violence to stop slavery immediately, involved in Pottawatomie Massacre, tried and convicted of treason and hung |
| Treaty of Paris of 1783 | Ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River |
| Northwest Ordinance (of 1787) | Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states |
| Federalist | A member of a former political party in the United States that favored a strong centralized federal government |
| Anti-Federalist | Opposed strong central government |
| Thomas Jefferson | Called for the end of the slave trade in 1808 |
| Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay | Wrote the series of Federalist essays |
| Equitable Subrogation | Doctrine that the Bank of the U.S. was based on |
| Thomas Jefferson, John Adams | Candidates in the election of 1800 |
| James Monroe | Associated with the "Era of Good Feelings" period |
| Whig | Party that opposed Andrew Jackson's presidency |
| Mexican-American War | Resulted from army attacking American outposts |
| Loyalists | American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence |
| Sons of Liberty | A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. Included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. |
| Alexander Hamilton | .First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. |
| Thomas Jefferson | George Washington's first secretary of state, limited federal government, organized the national government, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality |
| Louisiana Purchase | The U.S. bought territory under the rule of Napoleon in 1803, gaining U.S. control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size. |
| John C Calhoun | The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification. |
| Tariff of 1828 | High tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods |
| Protective tariffs, internal improvements, strong central government | Three things that the Whigs supported in the 1830's |
| Common Sense | Pamplet that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain |
| Shays' Rebellion | Conflict in Massachusetts that caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes |
| Whiskey Rebellion | Protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government, Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy |
| Trail of Tears | The tragic journey of the cherokee people from their home land to indian territory between 1838 and 1839, where thousands died |
| Camp meetings | Place where people would travel from a large area to a particular site to settle out, listen to traveling preachers, and pray |
| Oregon Trail | Historical route to the western United States extending from various cities on the Missouri River and to the West coast. |
| Harper's Ferry | Place where John Brown attacked a federal armory to steal weapons to fight slave owners |
| Wave of Immigration | One of the most important effects of the American industrial revolution |
| Texas | Existed for ten years as an independent nation before its admission to the union |
| South | dependent on slavery because of its economy |
| Invention of cotton gin | Permitted the expansion of cotton cultivation |
| Popular sovereignty | The concept that a States people should vote whether to be a slave state or free |
| Cultural and intellectual gap | Grew among the North and South during the 1840's and 1850's |
| Dred Scott case | Ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, fueled abolitionist movement |
| Kansas City | Place where a small civil war occured in the 1850's |
| Maintain federal authority without provoking war | Abraham Lincoln's main concern when entering the presidency |
| Reconstruction | Period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free (but not those in border states) |
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