1.
5 pillars of Islamic Faith: 1. Recite the creed 2. pray 5 times daily 3. fasting 4. Alms giving 5. Pilgrimage
2.
A Peacock on a grave symbolizes: everlasting life
3.
Apprentice Craftsman: Lowest, worked in return for training.
4.
Arabia: One third the size of the USA, mecca was the largest city. Wealthy, teeming religious center
5.
Aranz or aront prayer: People praying with uplifted hands, depicted on early christian burial places
6.
Augustan Hero: Model of the ideal Roman
7.
Baths of Caracalla: "Poor man's palace": Huge public bath houses. Rooms called tepedarium (room temp, had lockers) then to the hot room caldarium (like a sauna/hot tub) then to the frigidarium (cold air pumped thru floor)
8.
Bergers or Bourgeoisie: Middle class in medieval towns (neither serf nor aristocrat)
9.
Caliph: Political and religious authority
10.
Charlemagne: "charles the great" Established capital at Aachen. Strong centralized government, dreamed of reestablishing Rome
11.
Charles Martel: "the hammer" Frankish king who fought at the battle of tours
12.
Christian burials: Christians practiced inhumation or the burying of their dead, since Christianity was forbidden, had to dig Catacombs under the city in the Tufa (volcanic rock)
13.
Christianity: Spread quickly because of Roman persecution and roads, Christians were killed in the Colosseum.
14.
Circus Maxiumus: Chariot Race arena, held 120,000
15.
Cloisonne: introduced by the huns, metal was welded together in small bags/purses
16.
Column of Trajan: 125 ft high, relief structures spiral all around column, statue of St. Peter on top
17.
Concordat of worms: Church could elect bishop, but King could be present.
18.
Craft Guilds: resulted as a result of increased specialization within individual crafts. Supervised production of goods and training of craftsmen.
19.
Crusades: Opened up the east to trade, brought about an influx of goods (silk and spices). Resulted in the Renaissance
20.
Cubiculae: Private family burial areas
21.
Date Charlemagne was crowned emperor: 800 AD
22.
Date of the Battle of Tours: 732 AD
23.
Date of the Council of Nicea: 325 AD
24.
Date of the Edict of Milan: 313 AD
25.
Date of the Founding of Islam: 622 AD
26.
Date of the Treaty of Verdun: 843 AD
27.
Dates of the Romanesque Era: 1000-1200 AD
28.
Diet of poor: Bread, wine, olives
29.
Diocletian: Came up with the idea to split up roman empire into two empires. Eastern capital at Byzantium, Western at Rome
30.
economic demographic of rome: 90% of the population was poor, no middle class. 20% unemployed, 50% had state jobs
31.
Edict of Milan: Christianity would be tolerated. Instituted by Constantine after a vision of a cross and a victory in Battle of the Milvian Bridge
32.
Emperor Honorius: Moved western capital to Ravenna, Italy because it was surrounded by rivers and marshes, so hard to invade
33.
Excommunication: Powerful tool which took away the sacraments from people
34.
Famous Roman aqueduct in Gaul: Pont du Gard
35.
Feudalism: System of dividing up land, Hierarchical
36.
Furor: Opposite of pietas; needed to be controlled through watching the gladiators so it wouldn't be taken out on public
37.
Galla Placidia: Daughter of Theodocius, kidnapped by the Goths when they sacked Rome. They wanted to exchange her for ships and grain but her brother didn't give in. She later married the Gothic Chieftain, once he died she married the next emperor of Rome, he died so she ruled Rome for about 25 years
38.
Germanic tribes (Goths) Sack Rome: Romans spread themselves too thin, the Goths were pushed south due to the harsh weather and overran the western empire
39.
Gravitas: Grave mentality, serious
40.
Harbor Street: In Asia Minor (Ephesus), shows that eastern roman empire was very wealthy. Beautiful streets with marble, lined with columns and statues
41.
Hijra: The fleeing of Mohammad from Meca to Medina. The foundation of Islam
42.
Holy Roman Empire: Divided Kingdom into administrative places and put counts over each.
43.
Imam: Prayer leader
44.
Interdict: Excommunication of a large group of people
45.
Islam definition: Submission to the will of Allah
46.
Journeymen Craftsmen: Licensed artisans, paid by the day (journee=paid by the day)
47.
Justinian: Emperor who expanded Byzantine Empire, reclaimed much of the West. His law code was one of the first modern law codes
48.
kaaba: Large black stone, inhabited by a god, lots of idols around it.
49.
Latin Cross: one long arm and three shorter ones
50.
Loculi: Little crevices were the bodies were placed in the catacombs
51.
Louis the Pious: Son of Charlemagne
52.
Master Craftsmen: Operate workshops, train others, vote in guild. Only acknowledged as master once journeyman completed his masterpiece and the guild accepted it.
53.
Medieval towns: Self sufficient and independent because they were based on trade. People flocked to towns to become merchants
54.
Merchant Guilds: Governed marketplace, set hours and days of operation, controlled prices of goods and standards for measurements
55.
Missi Dominaci: Two men, one secular, one from the church appointed by Charlemagne to check on his subjects
56.
Mohammed: Bedouin merchant, told by the Angel Gabriel to preach to the people of Mecca to believe in only one god.
57.
Mosaics of Rich in villas: Had a dog mosaic on front entryway to guard against theft, had mosaics of food on the floor of dining area because they would throw their food on the floor for the slaves to pick up.
58.
Mosque: Muslim prayer hall
59.
Mullah: Muslim religious scholar
60.
Muslim definition: "one who submits"
61.
Name of city plan developed by Roman engineers for the army: Castrum Plan
62.
Name of small apartments where 45,000 romans lived (90% of population): Insulae
63.
number of humans/animals killed in the colosseum daily: over 1000 animals and 100 humans. sometimes there was a foot of blood on the arena floor
64.
number of miles of roads built by the roman soldiers or slaves: 50000
65.
Number of people the colosseum could hold: 50,000 seated, 10-20,000 standing
66.
Origin of "decimation": If one member of the roman army showed cowardice, every 10th member was put to death. Root "Deci"
67.
Palace of Diocletian: Standard format for cities and palaces, had a big defensive wall around it.
68.
Paterfamilias: Family structure where the father was head of the household, had power of life and death over everyone in house. Could sell his children into slavery, or even kill wife
69.
Petrine Supremacy: Peter is the head of the church in the west
70.
Pietus: duty, society over the individual
71.
Pope Gregory the 7th: God's representative on Earth, believed in investiture or that church could appoint church officials
72.
Population of rome at its height: over one million
73.
Primo Genator: "first born" has inheritance
74.
Problems of Medieval cities: pollution, overcrowding, crime, disease (black death)
75.
Res Gestae: Writing about Augustus' life carved in marble, cast in bronze and erected all over rome.
76.
Roman burials: Romans would cremate their bodies and have tombs outside city
77.
Roman Realism: Admired by romans, in contrast to the idealism of the Greeks
78.
Roman Sanitation: Knew swamps and marshes led to disease, provided sewers and drains for new territories
79.
Roman Task: Bring order, law, and government to other peoples
80.
Romanizing: Intermarrying resulting from soliders marrying local girls in new territories. Encouraged by government because that committed solider to that area. Increased citizens that could be taxed.
81.
Serfs: Individuals tied to the land. If they made it to the city and lived there for a year and a day they would be free. Not slaves. could keep 1/3 of whatever they produced
82.
Seven Sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation, Marriage, Eucharist, Confession, Holy Orders, Last Rites
83.
Shiite Muslims: More strict
84.
Simony: The Selling of church offices
85.
Simplicitas: Romans wanted everything simple and direct. No excuses
86.
Spread of Islam: Monotheism attractive, if didn't convert, had to pay a tax. Built cities everywhere which became trade hubs
87.
Start and end dates of the Roman Empire: 31 BC-476 AD
88.
Sufi Muslims: Wealthy
89.
Sunni Muslims: Majority of Muslims (more secular)
90.
Syncretism: Adapting what people already knew to the new religion. (i.e. depicting Christ like Apollo and the unconquered sun
91.
Theodocius: Emperor who made Christianity the state religion and outlawed paganism
92.
Three possible uses for aqueducts: Transport water, form a bridge, or road
93.
Ummah: All unite in worship of 1 god
94.
Via Sacra: The sacred road, leads to the roman forum
95.
Virtus: Manliness, taught to young, exemplified through practice of "decimation"
