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homeostasis the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment. these functions include: maintaining the proper balance of water, salts and acids in the body by filtering the blood as it flows through the kidneys, constantly filtering the blood to remove urea and other waste materials from the bloodstream and converting these waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excreting them from the body via the urinary bladder home/o WORD PART: constant -stasis WORD PART: control urea the major waste product of protein metabolism kidneys constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water renal pertaining to the kidneys ren/o WORD PART: kidney retroperitoneal pertaining to being located behind the peritoneum renal cortex the outer region of the kidney. it contains over one million microscopic units called nephrons medulla the inner region of the kidney; it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules nephron a functional unit of the kidney. these units form urine by the process of filtration, reabsorption and secretion reabsorption the return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed through filtration glomerulus a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the bowman's capsule urochrome the pigment that gives urine its yellow-amber or straw color. the color of urine can be influenced by normal factors such as the amount of liquid consumed, and can also be changed by diseases and medications ur/o WORD PART: urine - chrome WORD PART: color renal pelvis the funnel-shaped area within each kidney that is surrounded by renal cortex and medulla. this is where the newly formed urine collects before it flows into the ureters ureters two narrow tubes, each about 10-12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder. peristalsis moves urine down each ureter to the bladder. urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through the ureteral orifices in the wall of the urinary bladder urinary bladder a hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body. the bladder is located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis. the bladder stores about one pint of urine. like the stomach, the bladder is lined with rugae trigone the smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder located between the opening of the ureters and urethra urethra the tube extending from the bladder to outside of the body urinary sphincters one located at either end of the urethra, control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus urethral meatus the external opening of the urethra female urethra approximately 1.5 inches long, urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina. the urethra conveys only urine male urethra approximately 8 inches line, urethral meatus located at the tip of the penis. urethra transport urine and semen prostate gland part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra urination voiding; micturition; the normal process of excreting urine. it requires the coordinated contraction of the bladder muscles and relaxation of the sphincters. this action forces the urine through the urethra and out through the urinary meatus nephrologist a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys nephr/o WORD PART: kidneys urologist a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males genitourinary refers to both the genital and urinary organs renal failure the inability of one or both kidneys to perform their functions. the body cannot replace damaged nephrons, and when too many nephrons have been destroyed, the result is kidney failure uremia uremic poisoning; a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea is retained in the blood acute renal failure (ARF) has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia. it can be fatal if not reversed promptly. this condition can be caused by many factors, including a sudden drop in blood volume or blood pressure due to injury or surgery chronic renal failure the progressive loss of renal function, sometimes leading to uremia, which is caused by a variety of conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes mellitus or hypertension end-stage renal disease (ESRD) refers to the late stages of chronic renal failure in which there is irreversible loss of the function of both kidneys. without dialysis or a kidney transplant, this condition is fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome a condition in which hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia cause acute renal failure and possibly death. this syndrome can be the result of an e.coli infection in young children and the elderly nephrotic syndrome a condition in which very high levels of protein are lost in the urine and abnormally low levels of protein are present in the blood. this is the result of damage to the kidney's glomeruli nephrosis any degenerative kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome without inflammation anuria the absence of urine formation in the kidneys edema excessive fluid in the body tissues hyperproteinuria the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine hypoproteinemia the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood nephropathy any disease of the kidney diabetic nephropathy a kidney disease characterized by hypoproteinuria, which is the result of thickening and hardening of the glomeruli caused by long-term diabetes mellitus hydronephrosis the dilation of one or both kidneys. this condition can be caused by problems associated with the backing up of urine due to an obstruction such as a stricture in the ureter or the blockage in the opening from the bladder to the urethra, or in the urethra itself stricture an abnormal band of tissue that narrows or completely blocks a body passage nephrectasis the distention of the pelvis of the kidney distention enlarged or stretched nephritis inflammation of the kidney or kidneys. the two most common causes are infection or an autoimmune disease glomerulonephritis bright's disease; a type of kidney disease caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine glomerul/o WORD PART: glomeruli nephroptosis floating kidney; the prolapse of a kidney -ptosis WORD PART: droop or prolapse nephropyosis pyonephrosis; the suppuration (formation or discharge of pus) of the kidney polycystic kidney disease a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. these cysts, which slowly replace much of the mass of the kidney, reduce the kidney function, and this eventually leads to kidney failure renal colic an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone colic spasmodic pains in the abdomen wilms tumor a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children. there is a high cure rate for this condition when this condition is treated promptly stone calculus; an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body. they vary in size from small sand-like granules to the size of marbles and are named for the organ or tissue where they are located. in the urinary system, calculi formed when waste products in the urine crystalize nephrolithiasis the presence of stones in the kidney. as these stones travel with the urine, they are named for the location where they become lodged nephrolith renal calculus; kidney stone; a stone found in the kidney ureterolith a stone located anywhere along the ureter ureter/o WORD PART: ureter cystolith a stone located within the urinary bladder cyst/o WORD PART: bladder hydroureter the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked ureterectasis the distention of a ureter ureterorrhagia the discharge of blood from the ureter urinary tract infection (UTI) usually begins in the bladder; however, these infections can affect all, or parts, of the urinary system. these infections occur more frequently in women because the urethra is short and located near the openings of the vagina and rectum urethritis an inflammation of the urethra urethr/o WORD PART: urethra cystitis an inflammation of the bladder pyelitis an inflammation of the renal pelvis pyel/o WORD PART: renal pelvis pyelonephritis an inflammation of both the renal pelvis and of the kidney. this is usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder cystalgia cystodynia; pain in the urinary bladder cystocele fallen bladder; a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall interstitial cystitis a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder. the symptoms of this condition are similar to those of cystitis; however, they do not respond to traditional treatment trigonitis an inflammation of the urinary bladder that is localized in the region of the trigone trigon/o WORD PART: trigone vesicovaginal fistula an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows the constant flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina vesic/o WORD PART: bladder vagin/o WORD PART: vagina neurogenic bladder a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination -genic WORD PART: created by urethrorrhagia bleeding from the urethra urethrorrhea an abnormal discharge from the urethra. this condition is associated with some sexually transmitted diseases urethrostenosis narrowing of the urethra epispadias a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. in the male, the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. in the female, the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris hypospadias a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. in the male, the urethral opening is on the under surface of the penis. in the female, the urethral opening is into the vagina paraspadias a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on the side of the penis benign prostatic hypertrophy benign prostatic hyperplasia; enlarged prostate; prostatomegaly; an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over age 50. this condition can make urination difficult hypertrophy the general increase in bulk of a body part or organ that is not due to tumor formation prostatism the condition of having symptoms resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hypertrophy prostat/o WORD PART: prostate gland prostate cancer one of the most common cancers among men. this disease can grow slowly with no symptoms, or it can grow aggressively and spread throughout the body prostatitis an inflammation of the prostate gland diuresis the increased output of urine diur/o WORD PART: increasing the output of urine dysuria difficult or painful urination -uria WORD PART: urination enuresis the involuntary discharge of urine -uresis WORD PART: urination nocturnal enuresis bed-wetting; urination incontinence during sleep nocturia excessive urination during the night oliguria scanty urination olig/o WORD PART: scanty polyuria excessive urination urinary hesitancy difficulty in starting a urinary stream. this condition is most common in older men with enlarged prostate glands bashful bladder syndrome in younger people, the inability to urinate when another person is present urinary retention the inability to empty the bladder. this condition is also more common in men, and is frequently associated with an enlarged prostate gland incontinence the inability to control the excretion of urine and feces urinary incontinence the inability to control the voiding of urine stress incontinence the inability to control the voiding or urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing or coughing overactive bladder urge incontinence; occurs when the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is too active. symptoms include urinary frequency, urgency and accidental urination due to a sudden and unstoppable need to urinate urinalysis the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements bladder ultrasound the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination. a normal bladder holds between 300 and 400 ccs of urine. when more than this amount is still present after urination, the bladder is described as being distended catheterization the insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes. it is also used to remove urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate for other reasons. another use is to place medication into the bladder cystography a radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contract medium via a urethral catheter cystoscopy the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope. a specialized cystoscope is also for treatment procedures such as the removal of tumors or the reduction of an enlarged prostate gland intravenous pyelogram excretory urography; a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters. a contrast medium is administered intravenously to clearly define these structures in the resulting image. this examination is used to diagnose changes in the urinary tract resulting from kidney stones, infections, enlarged prostate, tumors and internal injuries computed tomography CAT scan; more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen, which may reveal other potential sources for the patient's symptoms KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) flat-plate of the abdomen; a radiographic study of these structures without the use of a contract medium retrograde urography a radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract voiding cystourethrography a diagnostic procedure in which fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra. this procedure is often performed after cystography digital rectal examination performed on men to screen for prostate enlargement, infection and indications of prostate cancer prostate-specific antigen blood test PSA test; used to screen for prostate cancer. it measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen that is present in the blood specimen. the prostate-specific antigen is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. the higher a man's PSA level, the more likely it is that cancer is present diuretics medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and salt dialysis a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function dia- WORD PART: complete or through hemodialysis the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood. treatment is performed on a hemodialysis unit which is frequently referred to as an artificial kidney. a shunt implanted in the patient's arm is connected to the hemodialysis unit and arterial blood flows through the filters of the unit. the filters contain dialysate, which is a solution made up of water and electrolytes. this solution cleanses the blood by removing waste products and excess fluids. the cleansed blood is returned to the body through a vein. these treatments take several hours and must be repeated about three times a week electrolytes the salts that conduct electricity and are found in the body fluid, tissue and blood peritoneal dialysis the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood. the dialysate solution flows into the peritoneal cavity and the fluid is exchanged through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall. this type of dialysis is used for renal failure and certain types of poisoning continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his or her daily activities. in this procedure, a dialysate solution is instilled from a plastic container worn under the patient's clothing. about every 4 hours, the used solution is drained back into this bag and the bag is discarded. a new bag is then attached, the solution is instilled, and the process continues continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis uses a machine to cycle the dialysate fluid during the night while the patient sleeps nephrolysis the freeing of a kidney from adhesions OR a pathologic condition in which there is the destruction of renal cells nephropexy nephrorrhaphy; the surgical fixation of a floating kidney nephrostomy the establishment of an opening from the pelvis of the kidney to the exterior of the body. in a kidney affected by hydronephrosis, this allows bypassing of the ureter because the urine from the kidney is drained directly through the back pyeloplasty the surgical repair of the renal pelvis pyelotomy a surgical incision into the renal pelvis. this procedure is performed to correct an obstruction of the junction between the renal pelvis and ureter renal transplantation the grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys. a single transplanted kidney, from either a living or nonliving donor, is capable of adequately performing all kidney functions extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) the destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel. the fragments of these stones are then excreted in the urine lithotripsy to crush a stone lith/o WORD PART: stone nephrolithotomy the surgical removal of a nephrolith percutaneous nephrolithotomy performed by making a small incision in the back and inserting a nephroscope to crush and remove a kidney stone ureterectomy the surgical removal or a ureter ureteroplasty the surgical repair of a ureter ureterorrhaphy the surgical suturing of a ureter cystectomy the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder cystopexy the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall cystorrhaphy the surgical suturing of the bladder lithotomy a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder catheterization performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to control incontinence, or to place fluid, such a a chemotherapy solution, into the bladder urethral catheterization performed by inserting a tube along the urethra and into the bladder indwelling catheter a catheter that remains inside the body for a prolonged time suprapubic catheterization the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone meatotomy a surgical incision made in the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening urethropexy the surgical fixation of the urethra. this procedure is usually performed to correct urinary stress incontinence urethrostomy the surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin urethrotomy a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture ablation the term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer, describes the removal of a body part of the destruction of its function by surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery or other methods prostatectomy the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland. this procedure is performed to treat prostate cancer or to reduce an enlarged prostate gland radical prostatectomy performed through the abdomen, the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland, the seminal vessels and some surrounding tissues transurethral prostatectomy TURP; the removal of an overgrowth of tissue from the prostate gland through a rectoscope kegel exercises a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence in women bladder retraining a program of urinating on a schedule with increasingly longer time intervals between scheduled urination. the goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control and to break the cycle of frequency, urgency and urge incontinence