chapter 22 continued saladin 5th. ed
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Created by:
whiskyecho on April 11, 2011
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continuation starts at slide 37
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24 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Respiratory membrane is | -the wall of the alveolus and the capillary -Gas exchange occurs through these membranes. CO2 out O2 in -the barrier between the alveolar air and blood |
| respiratory membrane consists of | -squamous alveolar cells -endothelial cells of blood capillary -their shared basement membrane |
| respiratory membrane is important to prevent fluid from accumulating in alveoli because | -gases diffuse too slowly through liquid to sufficiently aerate the blood -alveoli are kept dry by absorption of excess liquid by blood capillaries -lungs have a more extensive lymphatic drainage than any other organ in the body -low capillary blood pressure also prevents the -rupture of the delicate respiratory membrane |
| Gases are exchanged | -between alveolar air and capillary blood because of differences in partial pressure -gases diffuse down their own concentration gradient until the partial pressure of each gas in the air is equal to its partial pressure in water |
| In alveoli gas exhange | -air in the alveolus is in contact with a film of water covering the alveolar epithelium -for oxygen to get into the blood it must dissolve in this water -pass through the respiratory membrane separating the air from the bloodstream -for carbon dioxide to leave the blood it must pass the other way -diffuse out of the water film into the alveolar air |
| Gases are exchanged process | -Blood flows from the body tissues through the capillaries -This blood contains PCO2 = 45mm Hg and PO2 = 40mm Hg - As blood flows along capillary PCO2 = 40mm Hg diffuses out and PO2 = 104mm Hg diffuses in -(this is an exchange between the capillaries and the alveolus through the alveolar wall - oxygen enriched blood now flows through the capillaries to the body tissues (pressures are - PCO2 = 40mm Hg and PO2 = 104mm Hg |
| Most oxygen binds to hemoglobin to form | oxyhemoglobin |
| Oxyhemoglobin releases | oxygen in the regions of body cells |
| Oxygen is still bound to | -hemoglobin in the venous blood -As much as 75% of bound oxygen can still be present in venous blood |
| Amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases as | -partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases - the blood pH decreases -blood temperature increases |
| How might this relate to exercise | -exercise stimulates proprioceptors of the muscles and joints -they transmit excitatory signals to the brainstem respiratory centers -increase in pulmonary ventilation keeps blood gas values at their normal levels in spite of the elevated O2 consumption and CO2 generation by the muscles |
| Carbon dioxide transport amounts are | -dissolved in plasma - 7% - combined with hemoglobin - 15% to 25% - in the form of bicarbonate ions - 70%! |
| Carbon dioxide is transported in three forms | carbonic acid, carbamino compounds, and dissolved in plasma |
| 90% of CO2 is hydrated to form carbonic acid then it | dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions |
| 5% binds to the amino groups of plasma proteins and hemoglobin to form | carbamino compounds |
| 5% is carried in the blood as | dissolved gas |
| systemic gas exchange is | the unloading of O2 and loading of CO2 at the systemic capillaries |
| Chloride shift is when | -bicarbonate ions diffuse out RBCs -chloride ions from plasma diffuse into RBCs -electrical balance is maintained |
| Carbon dioxide in the lungs | ??????? |
| Gas transported in the blood = Oxygen | Combines with iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules -substance transported is oxyhemoglobin |
| Gas transported in the blood =Carbon Dioxide | About 7 % is transported in blood - substance transported is carbon dioxide |
| Gas transported in the blood=Carbon Dioxide | About 23% combines with amino groups of hemoglobin molecules to form carbaminohemoglobin |
| Gas transported in the blood=Carbon Dioxide | About 70% reacts with water to form carbonic acid; the carbonic then dissociates to release hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions - substance transported is bicarbonate ions |
| The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on the Respiratory System | -cilia disappear -excess mucus produced -lung congestion increases lung infections -lining of bronchioles thicken and lose elasticity - emphysema fifteen times more common -much damage repaired when smoking stops |
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