1.
2 types agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
2.
2 types WBC: granulocytes & angranulocytes
3.
3 types granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinphils, basophils
4.
agranulocytes: A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei, nuclei are rounded single mass; lymphocytes, monocytes.
5.
anemia: a deficiency of red blood cells; this increases pulse & blood pressure
6.
antecubital fossa: the bend of the elbow
7.
anticoagulents: are already in the tubes in the precise amount needed to mix with the amount of blood that will fill the tube, important to mix the blood with the additive by gentle inversion, tubes may be rejected by the lab or result may not be accurate of the tube is not filled completely (or with the proper amount)
8.
anticoagullants, additives and gels: different tests require different types of blood specimens, prevents clotting of blood, some additives improve quality of specimen, separator tubes contain thixotropic gels, plastic tubes may have an additive to enhance clotting of the blood
9.
arterial blood: under pressure, bright red color (frommoxygen & hemoglobin), blood is being carried away from the heart
10.
arterial blood draw: to check blood gas levels
11.
arteries of the arm: brachial, radial, ulnar
12.
basic anticoagulents: oxalates - gray
citrates - light blue
EDTA - lavendar
heparin - green
13.
basilic vein: located on the under side of the arm (pinky side), vein rolls, lies close to brachial artery so risk of hitting artery higher, area more sensitive to hurts more
14.
basophil: a granular leukocyte whose granules have an affinity for basic stain/alkaline stain, turns blue when stained; releases histamine and heparin
15.
bevel: is the slanted opening at the end of the needle, ALWAYS faces up prior to insertion
16.
blood typing: The blood of one person is different from another's due to the presence of antigens on the surface of the erythrocytes. The major method of typing blood is the ABO system and includes types A, B, O, and AB. The other major method of typing blood is the Rh factor, consisting of the two types, Rh+ and Rh-.
17.
buffy coat: a thin light colored layer of white blood cells and platelets than lie between a top layer of plasma and red blood cells
18.
capillary blood: connects the arteries & veins, this is the area where gasses & nutrients are exchanged
19.
capliiary tube: used for dermal puncture
20.
CBC: The CBC is used as a broad screening test to check for such disorders as anemia, infection, and many other diseases. It is actually a panel of tests that examines different parts of the blood and includes the following:
~White blood cell (WBC) count is a count of the actual number of white blood cells per volume of blood.
~White blood cell differential looks at the types of white blood cells present. There are five different types of white blood cells, each with its own function in protecting us from infection.
~Red blood cell (RBC) count is a count of the actual number of red blood cells per volume of blood.
~Hemoglobin measures the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in the blood.
~Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of whole blood.
~The platelet count is the number of platelets in a given volume of blood.
~Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a machine-calculated measurement of the average size of your platelets.
~Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the average size of your RBCs.
~Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is a calculation of the average amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside a red blood cell.
~Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a calculation of the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a red cell.
~Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a calculation of the variation in the size of your RBCs.
21.
cephalic vein: located on the upper or shoulder side of the arm (thumb side), usually well anchored, usually more difficult to locate, has a tendency to move, can be palpated in obese patients, lies close to surface so needle insertion angle must be less
22.
CLIA: clinical laboratory improvement amendments; regulates quality standards for all laboratory testing, standardization in the lab, calibrations, control/samples, proficiency testing, check manufacturers recommendations for equiptment
23.
complications of phlebotomy: hematoma, hemoconcentration, phlebitis, petechiae, thrombus, thrombophlebitis, septicemia, trauma
24.
dermal puncture: capillary puncture
25.
end of the 120 days of RBC life: during this time they change as they move through the system, protiens rub off & they become brittle
26.
eosinphil: a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain (acid based stain) of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions; mostly attack parasites by attaching to it then puncturing its membrane with chemicals
27.
erythrocyte: a mature red blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues, shape is biconcave, anucleate (no nucleus), soft & flexible, normal value 3.5-5.5 million per cubic mm, last 120 days, destroyed in liver & spleen
28.
ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; a timed test to measure the rate at which red blood cells settle or fall through a given volume of plasma; accurate, inexpensive & easy to perform; RBC have a tendency to aggregate (stick together), more sticking together = heavier = falls faster, using ESR to helps diagnose points in right direction
29.
ESR decreased: heredetary spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia
30.
ESR increased: infections, inflammatory disease, tissue destruction, anemia, menstruation, pregnancy, malignant neoplasms, multiple myeloma
31.
ESR normal: osteoarthritis, cirrhosis, malaria
32.
factors affecting lab values: blood alcohol, diurnal (daily) rhythm, exercise, fasting, hemolysis, heparin, stress, tourniquet on too long
33.
fibrinogen: A blood protein that is converted to fibrin during blood clotting; fibrinogen becomes fibrin & thats the net that holds platelets; when fibrinogen is gone its no longer called plasma, its now called serum
34.
formed elements: The cellular elements of blood; erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
35.
gel separator tubes: separate either serum or plasma in special tubes, centrifuge tube for 15 min, gel forms a barrier between the fuil and elements of blood
36.
granulocytes: White blood cells with irregularly shaped, multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules. There are three types of granulocyte: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
37.
gray: additive potassium oxolate prevents clotting by binding to calcium, sodium flouride preserves glucose for 3 days, common tests - fasting blood sugar (FBS), glucose tolerance test (GTT), blood alcohol levels, lactic acid measurement
38.
green: contains the anticoagulent heparin combines with sodium, lithium or ammonium ion, this tube must be inverted 8x, common uses - chemistry tests (sodium, calcium, potassium...), performed on plasma such as ammonia, carboxyhemoblobin & STAT electrolytes
39.
green/gray (PST): additive is heparin, has gel which, after centrifugation permanently separates plasma from red blood cells
40.
hematocrit: the percentage of erythrocytes to total blood volume; formed elements fall to bottom when spun in centrifuge because its heavier; expressed as a percentage; normal value 3.5 million
41.
hematocrit values: adult female 36%-46%, adult male 40%-55%
42.
hematoma: the collection of blood under the skin as the result of blood escaping into the tissue from damaged blood vessels. bruise; most common complication of phlebotomy
43.
ischemia: is localized hypoxia (low oxygen); local and temporary lack of blood flow due to the mechanical obstruction of the circulation to a part of the body; may result in infarction (tissues die) if the circulation is withheld too long, this would cause necrosis; infarction is necrosis due to ischemia
44.
lamina: inside lining of blood vessels
45.
laminar: smooth & silent (glides by), movement of blood though the vessels
46.
lavender: contains - anticoagulant EDTA, inhibits coagulation by binding to calicium, commom tests CBC, includes RBC count, WBC count, platelet count, WBC differential count, hemoglobin & hematocrit, ESR, sickle cell screening; must be at least 2/3 full and invert 8x
47.
light blue: additive sodium citrate, tests drawn - coagulation studies, PT, PTT and fibrinogen, tube must be fileld completely
48.
low sperm count: tight clothing raises temp in scrotal sac, drinking alcohol, smoking; makes fertilization very hard or impossible
49.
lymphocyte: returns to blood stream & matures in lymphatic system
50.
lymphocyte: an agranular leukocyte that mediates acquired immunity. The two main classes are B cells and T cells.
51.
median cubital: vein of choice, usually large and prominent, well anchored, usually located in the antecubital fossa.
52.
medical assistant's main role: collect blood efficiently for accurate and reliable test results
53.
milk puncture site: do not do this, you will squeeze & explode the RBC (hemolysis)
54.
monocyte: phagocytic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage, which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris within tissues, nuclei are single rounded mass; they are produced in bone marrow, in blood for 24 hrs, crawl through cells (ameboid motion) and sleep till some bacteria gets in, when they "wake up" they become a macrophage, swell up, eat like 20 cells, die & blow up
55.
needle guage: the guage of a needle is a number that indicates the diameter of its lumen (inner lining), the higher the guage the smaller the lumen/guage, most used frequently used in phlebotomy are 20, 21 & 22
56.
needle length: 1 inch to 1 1/2 inch
57.
needlestick prevention devices (npd): all types of safety needles
58.
neutrophil: a granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain (acid & base stains mixed together) of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis), looks pink or purple when stained; classic phagocyte
59.
order of the draw: yellow - sterile specimen - blood culture
light blue - sodium citrate
red - plain tube with no additive
red/gray (SST) - thixotropic gel
green/gray (PST) - thixotropic gel
green - heparin
lavendar - EDTA - CBC
gray - potassium oxalate - glucose
60.
phlebitis: inflammation of a vein, usually accompanied by infection, can be caused by too many injections/attempts with needle
61.
phlebotomy sites: median cubital, cephalic, basilic, veins in hand, veins in feet or legs
62.
PKU (phenylketonuria): inherited disease that if untreated can lead to mental retardation. the disease involves the inability of the body to utilize the essential amino acid, phenylalanine which is produced in the liver; causes musty odor in urine; routine screening of newborns, Guthrie screening - heel stick,
63.
plasma: liquid portion of blood made up of water, dissolved salts, proteins, and other substances; straw colored, contains fibrinogen, color because of bilirubin (yellow pigment)
64.
profile: (when drawing blood) when the doctor orders several tests at once
65.
PT: Prothrombin time (PT)
This test is used to evaluate the adequacy of the extrinsic coagulation system and common pathway in the clotting mechanism. Prothrombin time (PT) test provides a control for long-term anticoagulant therapy that usually involves the use of a coumarin derivative (eg, Coumadin®). As recommended by the world health organization, prothrombin times are often reported as INR (International Normalized Ratio) which allows more accurate comparison from hospital to hospital.
66.
PTT: Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
This test is used to evaluate the intrinsic coagulation system. It is also used to monitor heparin therapy, to aid in detecting classical hemophilia A, Christmas disease (hemophilia B), and deficiencies of factor XI.
67.
puncture detph: 2.4 mm
68.
pus: dead WBC, dead pathogens & dead tissue, accumulation is due to destruction of WBC
69.
red: also called plain, contains no additive or anticoagulent, blood clots by normal coagulation process in about 30 min (glass causes clotting), common tests - serum chemisrty tests, serology test, blood bank
70.
red/black (SST) or gold (SST): serum separator tube, silicone/gel (serum separating material) separates serum from cells permanently, all tests use serum except blood bank
71.
rejection of samples: ~hemolysis - (if RBC rupture the sample is unsuitable for many lab tests)
~clotted - failure to mix or inadequate mixing, RBC clump together
~insufficient supply (QNS) - certain additive tubes must be filled completely, incorrect blood to additive ratio will adversely affect lab test results
~wrong tube collected
~improper storage - certain tests must be kept on ice, protected from light, or be kept warm after collection
~improperly labeled
72.
semen analysis: test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy
73.
serum blood collection: perform venipuncture, invert tube 5x to prevent clotting, allow specimen to clot for 30 min, centrifuge tube for 15 min
74.
specimen collection: hand position, fill tubes in correct order of draw, place contaminated needle and syringe in sharps container
75.
spleen function: graveyard of RBC, they bump & squish & pop then the chemicals are reused, spleen stores blood; if spleen is removed the liver will take over
76.
sputum culture for TB: presence of acid-fast rods (rod shaped bacteria) & eosinphils in sputum
77.
TB screening: mantoux test, tine test, PPD (purified protien derivative); inject a little bit of substance into skin at 15 degree angle (just into epidermis) & check in 24-48 hrs, positive result = induration (hardened area), red is not a positive result, if test positive go get chest xray
78.
turbulent flow: when platelets have clotted or vessels have cholesterol that makes the area rough so platelets stick
79.
unsuitable vein for venipuncture: sclerosed veins (hardened veins), thrombotic veins (see a clot/used recently), tortous veins (winding/crooked veins), IV in it, a-v fistula site or vascular graft, shunt site, trauma, arm on side of mastectomy, edematous area, hematoma, scarred area,
80.
vacutainer system: The vacuum collection consists of a doubled-pointed needle, plastic holder/adapter, and series of vacuum tubes with rubber stoppers of various colors.
81.
vacutainer tube: colored rubber stopper at end signifies what additive is in the tube and what is being tested, have a specific order they must be drawn in, have a pre-measured vacuum
82.
venipuntcure methods: Three methods: Vacuum Tube (most common), Butterfly (smaller needle-less painful), Syringe (less blood-rolling vein)
83.
venous blood: not under pressure (veins have valves), deep dark red color, blood is being carried to heart
84.
venous blood tests equiptment: equiptment & supplies, tourniquet, syringes, adapters (needle holders), needles, colored tubes, laboratory requisitions, proper documentation
85.
WBC: produced in red bone marrow then travels in blood & migrates to tissue to sit & wait or destroy pathogen; 5 types; for protection & defense; normal value 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm
86.
yellow: blood cultures, specimen collection to detect bacteria growing in blood, additive sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS) for blood culture specimen, additive acid citrate dextrose (ACD) for blood bank studies, HLA phenotyping, DNA & paternity testing
