Psych 250- Ch. 13 Early Adulthood: Physical and Cognitive Development
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carlacava91 on April 12, 2011
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 of emerging adulthood proposed by Arnett | Looks at identity exploration- do feel in between Sense of instability of where you fit and where you're going Self-focused time thinking about where you want to be and who u want to be Filled with incredible possibilities |
| Physical changes | Skin becomes thinner, less flexible (20) Lung efficiency reduced Heart lowers performance under stress Ages 20 to 35 tend to be peak for speed and agility and athletic skills Continual training slows losses that are there |
| Senescence | gradual physical decline related to age- normal processes |
| What determines Physical health? | heredity, nutrition, exercise, previous illness and environment all determine adult health which is also genetically determined to age |
| Exercise Stats | Only one third get enough. At least 20 min of moderate exercise five or more days a week More often, more vigorous is better About 40% of Americans are inactive. Women are more likely to be inactive low SES background more likely to be inactive |
| Benefits of Exercise | Reduces fat, builds muscle Boosts immune system, prevents some diseases Cardiovascular benefits Mental health benefits Stress reduction Self-esteem- setting goals and meeting goals makes someone feel better Longer life |
| Reproduction | Parenthood in twenties seen as biologically ideal- doesn't mean that most 22 yo are ready to have a baby Trend toward delaying childbirth Fertility problems increase with age Fertility drops sharply after age 44 for women. Men show a gradual decrease in fertility Mobility of sperm is not as strong Paternal and maternal age associated with increased risk for down syndrome, autism and other developmental disabilities |
| PMS (Pre-menstrual Syndrome) | usually diagnosed in 20s or sometimes in late teens Known entity now Physical and psychological symptoms associated with regular menstrual cycle 6-10 days before period 40% have some level of PMS severe for 10-20% Genetic factors- identical twins more likely to experience severe PMS Diet, exercise, stress reduction, and meds can help many. Low levels of anti-depressants do help minimize some of the symptoms of PMS- even if not depressed |
| Fluid Intelligence | fast and abstract reasoning, declines with age Speed of processing that takes place How quickly you can process things by looking and coding a list of words Just have to work harder at it later in life Best work seen by mathematicians, scientists at age 20-30 |
| SES, Ethnicity, Gender | Higher death rate for low SES, lower levels of education (strong correlation) Poverty increases likelihood Young women more prone to depression in young adulthood Depression rates in black males more similar to young females (PTSD; feelings of hopelessness that come up as a sense of depression when as a young black male you are told what you can't do and don't see opportunities in same way) |
| Drug Use in Young Adulthood | Men use more marijuana than women Singles use more marijuana than married Young use more marijuana than older Cohort issues are relevant: i.e. college bingeing (drinking) National Data indicates that about 3% of adult women and 11% of adult men are heavy drinkers (2 or more drinks a day) |
| Alcoholism | inability to limit their alcohol use which results in numerous social, emotional and physical difficulties Alcohol is a depressant, chronic use can lead to liver disease, cardiovascular disease, inflammation of the pancreas. CNS damage can also appear leading to confusion, apathy, and impaired memory. Over 40% of highway fatalities involve alcohol |
| Men, Women, and treatment of Alcoholism | In men alcoholism usually begins in teens and early twenties and worsens as they age Genetic association with alcoholism In women onset is in twenties to thirties with a more variable course Treatment diff for women than men Treatment is difficult About 50% relapse in months |
| Sexuality | By age 22, 90% of young adults have engaged in sex By 25 almost all have had sexual intercourse 70% report 1 partner within the last year Sex less frequent than expected; only 1/3 reported sex twice a week or more Survey- some ppl under report some ppl over report More sex in the 20s then declines with age Most report satisfaction with sex life More women than men are NOT satisfied with sex life- inability to experience sexual pleasure |
| Gender differences in sexuality | in general women are more opposed to premarital and extramarital sex than men |
| Sexual Orientation | not just heterosexuality or homosexuality; see more fluidity in the construct of gender and sexual orientation Increased acceptance, support civil unions, however, many gay/lesbian couples under report committed relationships on survey data What we're tracking not showing- as ppl feel more accepted those numbers will be more consistent |
| Piaget and post-formal thinking | belief that young adulthood promotes greater flexibility and abilities in thought |
| Dialectical Thought | consider a thesis and its antithesis leading to a synthesis |
| Perry's Harvard Study (1980) Epistemic Cognition: Dualistic Thinking | right or wrong; we and them perspectives |
| Perry's Harvard Study (1980) Epistemic Cognition: Relativistic Thinking | diversity of opinions exist which can represent multiple truths Argument and counterargument makes sense Can look at things from diff sides Commitment within relativistic thinking Choose one that feels more right but can look at both sides |
| Pragmatic Thought | Adulthood brings the chance to solve real-world problems.- not just using brain for academic purposes, relate to practical elements in life Balancing roles New ways of thinking Compromise Cognitive-affective complexity grows. adult emotional intelligence; awareness of positive and negative feelings as part of a whole picture of how u make a decision |
| Educational Choices in Early Adulthood | 35% of US high school graduates 18-21 enroll in college (Dept of Ed, 2003) Significant percentage of freshman drop out in first year (30-50%) Reasons for dropping out include academics, transition difficulties, lack of motivation, poor study skills, parental/family issues May be motivated, but don't know how to study Leave school bc something is going on at home |
| Those who stay in college. . . | Those who stay show increased interests in humanities and greater tolerance for ethnic and cultural diversity Moral shift towards individual rights and human welfare Think more about the right of individual and bigger picture Increased self-esteem, sense of identity that you are a college graduate- something that who you are |
| College Days and College Nights Movie | College experience: considered formative and seen as a developmental testing ground Exposure to new beliefs, expectations and a process which leads to cognitive growth |
| Vocational Development: Fantasy Period | - early elementary, middle school and you think about what job you want Guided by an image of what the role is |
| Vocational Development: Tentative Period | 11-16 yo, now think about what you're particularly interested in and what career opps come from those interests Abilities and values |
| Vocational Development: Realistic Period | late teens and 20s Exploration- figuring out what you do and don't want to do through experience Crystallization- take general category, refine it, look at where skills and abilities match and pursue what your career will be |
| Factors which help vocational choice | Personality traits- more or less likely to pick a particular career- do you like interacting with people? Family influences- plays a role in what types of vocational choices ppl are exposed to and what their opportunities may be Teachers- resilient kids- teachers can make all the diff. in the world- can also really mess you up- can help dictate career choices by noticing what you're good at Gender stereotypes- media influences things, harder for men to go into female jobs than other way around Economic patterns- choices are dictated by what's available and what's available dictated by economic time |
| Vocational Choice Likelihood | Vocational choices show a strong association with the jobs of parents Going into the family business Those in middle-class homes more likely to choose high status jobs Low income backgrounds choose blue-collar careers but in the US have less options and less support to develop skills Don't get encouraged or see opportunities for higher status jobs |
| Gender Differences in Vocational Choices | Men's career choices have remained stable but women have shown shifts in career choices in the last decades |
| Work brings. . . | Work brings financial as well as personal rewards and tied to identity Predictors of happiness- work satisfaction Identity associated with their job 80% of men in one study reported they'd keep working if they won the jackpot |
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